THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMY AND ADMINISTRATION: PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES
Baku Engineering University
198
26-27 October 2018, Baku, Azerbaijan
People think about the level of competition when they talk about the open market. Modern
capitalist countries try to protect their local economy from market failures that are the main threat to
competition. According to Adam Smith, competition creates an “invisible hand” [A.Smith p349],
which regulates market “fairly”. What kind of competition do we need in order to reach such a fair
point? Does perfectly competitive market exist? Before answering these questions let’s define what
perfectly competitive market is. A perfectly competitive market is such a market where exist many
buyers and many sellers with identical goods and services who can freely enter to and exit from the
market [G.Mankiw p280]. Unfortunately, even in highly competitive markets goods and services are
not identical. Each firm adds its own feature to the goods and services that they offer. Moreover, not
all firms in the market can offer product or services of the same quality. However, there is not the
perfectly competitive market, it is possible to reach efficient competitiveness. But there are some
obstacles in the way of competition. One of them is advertising. Advertising could psychologically
affect the customers through celebrities or through an interesting but misleading scenario of it. For
example, four different firms offer identical insurance services. One of them spends millions of dollars
on advertising its service through celebrity, the other one tries to use many big, colorful advertisement
placards in the main cities of the country. Last ones don’t spend anything on an advertisement.
Actually, customers who see the names of the first two insurance companies will try to use service of
them because they have some information about these companies. People think that if the famous
people advertise something it means it is better than others are and it damages an incentive for
researching the whole market. However, there is the same quality of services, some firms lose their
customers for the advertisement policy of other firms. Of course, there are good sides of advertisement
and main advantage of it is its informative character. It can give essential information about goods and
services. In order to avoid the damages of advertisements to the competition, some requirements
should be put on them. Advertisements shouldn’t be more than informative (avoiding affect
psychologically through celebrities, special misleading scenarios etc.). Therefore, regulating
advertisements can increase competitiveness.
The second obstacle to competition is a personal power of owners. An owner of a big company
who is a billionaire can create obstacles intentionally through bribery. For example, an owner can use
some government officials through bribery for creating obstacles on the free entry into the market. It is
a much more political issue rather than economic. It shows that transparency in the government is vital
for competitiveness. Without political transparency, open market cannot exist. Improving political
issues can improve competition.
The third problem for the competition is a patent system. When some company innovate on
something and produce a better version of the product that it offers, then this company can gain market
power through the patent system. For example, company “A” produces cars and it has created a new
engine that uses ten times less gasoline than others do. Let’s suppose that company “A” is granted a
patent for the new engine and it doesn’t change the price of cars produced by it. In this case, other
companies in the market will pay for using the new engine that has been found by the company “A”. It
will increase costs of other companies and prices for their product too. Because of high prices, other
companies will lose their customers and exit from the market. Then how to avoid such a “patent
power”? In order to improve competition among market participants, it would be better to grant a
natural person with a patent, not the legal person. When legal person-company “A” is granted patent
then it gains market power. But if scientist or group of scientists who found the new engine and work
for company “A” is granted patent then company “A” should pay for using new engine too. In
addition, government officials should investigate market concentration before granting a patent in
order to know whether there is a threat to market power or not.
The fourth barrier to competitiveness is a trade tariff and other trade restrictions. When the
government put trade barriers on foreign products then a variety of market participants decreases.
Let’s suppose that country “A” produces three types of smartphones and imports four types of
smartphones from country “B”. The overall number of competitors in the smartphone market of
country “A” is seven. Now let’s suppose that country “A” increases trade tariffs for products it imports
from country “B”. In this case, the price of smartphones that is imported from country “B” will
increase and they will lose customers. Some companies will stop to export its product to county “A”
THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMY AND ADMINISTRATION: PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES
Baku Engineering University
199
26-27 October 2018, Baku, Azerbaijan
because of the loss they experienced via increasing tariffs. Decreasing number of firms in the market
will decrease the level of competition. In order to increase the level of competition, countries should
increase an incentive for global trade. Decreasing trade barriers can improve competition. Moreover, a
nationalistic view can damage competition. A government with the nationalistic view may harden
trade barriers in order to improve local companies that give market power to local companies. The
secular and tolerant policy is the best way to the improvement of competition. Unfortunately,
sometimes vice versa happens. The entrance of foreign companies that offer identical products and
lower prices can damage local production.
The other problem of competition is oligopoly [G.Mankiw p347, 348] where market
participants run their business in “Nash” equilibrium [G.Mankiw p351, 352]. This point could be
suitable for oligopolists, but it isn’t an efficient point for society. An oligopoly is a market where act
few sellers and many buyers. Like monopoly [G.Mankiw p300, 301], oligopoly is lack of
competitiveness. Sometimes oligopolists create cartels. They agree with one another and regulate
market as in monopoly. Unfortunately, nowadays many big businesses are ran in oligopoly. For
example, Airbus and Boeing are two leading aeronautical companies in the world that is difficult to
find an alternative. Many airline companies use the services of these two aeronautical firms. To avoid
harms of oligopoly government should stimulate entry to the market. Some sectors need much
investment before starting a business, and much investment is much risk. Because of these, many
people or firms avoid entering the business that demands very much investment. By subsidizing or
taking some part of the risk of entrepreneurs, the government can stimulate new entries to the market
and increase the number of competitors. In addition, strict government control against oligopolistic
cartels can improve competitiveness.
Thus, we can increase the examples to obstacles in the way of competition, but if we improve
our legal, political and social issues then we can improve competition. The problem of capitalism is
that there is no regulator, and “invisible hand” sometimes actually becomes invisible. Because of this,
the government should intervene market through transparent policy, fair laws, and people should be
well informed about the market. Unfortunately, poor competition sometimes inevitable.
REFERENCES
1.
“An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations” (Adam Smith), Book 1, Chapter 2
2.
“Principles of Microeconomics ” (Gregory N.Mankiw), seventh edition, Chapter 14, 15, 17
“BALANCED SCORECARD” METHOD: AS PERFORMANCE
MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR BUSINESS ACTIVITY
OF THE INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES
PhD Candidate, Najimov Arif s/o Asif
Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction
Baku Engineering University
ari_coordinator@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
The author researched the empiric data related with the industrial enterprises of Azerbaijan then showed
importance of “Balanced Scorecard” method as performance measurement system for the industrial enterprises.
Besides, author explain impact of “Balanced Scorecard” method for sustainable development of industrial
enterprises and emphasized its importance for national economy of the country.
Keywords: Industrial enterprises, “Balanced Scorecard” method, Sustainable development, Performance
measurement system, National economy.
“BALANSLAŞDIRILMIŞ GÖSTƏRCİLƏR SİSTEMİ” METODU: SƏNAYE MÜƏSSİSƏLƏRİNİN
BİZNES FƏALİYYƏTİ ÜÇÜN PERFORMANS ÖLÇÜ SİSTEMİ KİMİ
XÜLASƏ
Müəllif Azərbaycanın sənaye müəssisələri ilə əlaqədar emprik məlumatları tədqiq edib sonra “Balanslaş-
dırılmış Göstərcilər Sistemi” metodunun performans ölçü sistemi kimi sənaye müəssisələri üçün əhəmiyyətini
göstərib.
THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMY AND ADMINISTRATION: PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES
Baku Engineering University
200
26-27 October 2018, Baku, Azerbaijan
Bundan başqa müəllif “Balanslaşdırılmış Göstərcilər Sistemi” metodunun sənaye müəssisələrin davamlı
inkişafına təsirini izah edib bunun ölkənin milli iqtsadiyyatı üçün əhəmiyyətini vurğulayıblar.
Açar sözlər: Sənaye müəssiələri, “Balanslaşdırılmış Göstərcilər Sistemi” metodu, Davamlı inkişaf,
Performans ölçü sistemi, Milli iqtsadiyyat.
Introduction
We know that industry is the production of goods or related services within an economy. The
major source of revenue of a group or company is the indicator of its relevant industry. When a large
group has multiple sources of revenue generation, it is considered to be working in different industries.
Manufacturing industry became a key sector of production and labour in European and North
American countries during the Industrial Revolution, upsetting previous mercantile and feudal
economies. This come through many successive rapid advances in technology, such as the production
of steel and coal.
Following the Industrial Revolution, possibly a third of the world's economic output is derived
that is from manufacturing industries. Many developed countries and many developing/semi-
developed countries (People's Republic of China, India etc.) depend significantly on manufacturing
industry. There are some countries that their economy is very closed with the fuel and energy,
chemistry, mechanical engineering, metallurgy, food and light industries and other areas.
If we will review the industry of Azerbaijan then we can see that it is one of the most developed
area. Besides, it covers fuel and energy, chemistry, mechanical engineering, metallurgy, food and light
industries and other areas.
The industrial development of Azerbaijan began in mid-1950s. As the result of radical changes
in the national economy, the period from 1995 to 2008 saw serious successes in the field of industry.
The conclusion of production sharing agreements on September 20, 1994 on oil and gas fields with
large foreign companies encouraged rapid development of oil and gas industry. It should be noted that
processing industry was developing along with the production.
Lately, Azerbaijan began to manufacture cash registers, micro calculators, telephones, consumer
electronics, plastic doors and windowpanes, oil pipes and other products. The manufacturing of
numerous products, which were previously imported from foreign countries, in Azerbaijan allowed
expanding the range and availability of products and eliminating the dependence on exportation.
This encouraged business activities and development of small businesses in Azerbaijan. The
‘open door’ policy of the national government resulted in raise of the number of foreign and joint
enterprises in 3 times. Nearly more than 200 enterprises with foreign investments from 63 countries
are currently operating in Azerbaijan and thousands of new workplaces were opened. The obvious
increase in the number of newly established economic enterprises, the expansion and dynamic
development of small businesses and business undertakings of individuals all indicate at the ongoing
strengthening of non-state sector's role in the national economy.
Besides, 3-5-yearly programmes were accomplished in 2004-2013 on socio-economic
development of regions of Azerbaijan by presidential decrees and orders in order to implement
comprehensive and sustainable measures aimed at economic diversification. The State Programme on
Socio-economic Development of the Regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan (2014-2018), the State
Programme for Poverty Reduction and Economic Development in the Republic of Azerbaijan (2008-
2015), the State Programme on Reliable Food Supply to the Population in the Republic of Azerbaijan
(2008-2015), the State Program on the Development of Industry in Azerbaijan for the years 2015-2020
and a number of local development programme shave been approved and are successfully
implementing.
As we see that industry and industrial enterprises is actual subject for national economy of the
country and that is why the author decided to research the empiric data related with the industrial
enterprises of Azerbaijan then showed importance of “Balanced Scorecard” method as performance
measurement system for industrial enterprises. Besides, author explain impact of “Balanced
Scorecard” method for sustainable development of industrial enterprises and emphasized its
importance for national economy of the country.
The author also tried to use international experiences and practices as well as show
opportunities to apply them in the industrial enterprises of Azerbaijan.
THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMY AND ADMINISTRATION: PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES
Baku Engineering University
201
26-27 October 2018, Baku, Azerbaijan
Research
After restoration of independence in 1991, the Republic of Azerbaijan began to realize its
sovereign rights in economic field and to implement independent policy. The main directions of this
policy are organization of the economic system based on different types of property, transition to
market economy and integration into the global economy. Economically, the years after the
independence can be divided into two main periods. The period of 1991-1995 was characterized by
economic chaos and regression. The period after 1996 is known for an increase in macroeconomic
stability and dynamic economic development. Additionally, in order to channel the revenues from oil
exports to the priority sectors of the economy and important social and economic projects, the State
Oil Fund was established. At the current moment, international organizations evaluate positively Oil
Fund’s activity and its provision of transparency.
In the beginning of economic recovery, the country lacked oil exporting infrastructure. In order
to fill this gap, in 1996 Azerbaijan signed an agreement allowed its oil exports via Baku-Novorossiysk
pipeline. In 1999 the new pipeline Baku-Supsa was put into use and additionally, an agreement on
construction of Baku-Tbilisi-Djeyhan, which is currently the major oil exporting pipeline.
Oil-gas sector played dominant role in developing other sectors of Azerbaijan economy and
industry. Considered economic policy led to macroeconomic stability and sustainable economic
growth, as the result, reforms started in all economic fields, new measures are taken in order to
improve social welfare of population.
Developing entrepreneurship and industrial enterprises, attracting domestic and foreign
investment by establishing favorable business and investment environment, obtaining non-oil sectors’
development had been specific feature of implementing economic policy at this stage. As the result of
fulfilling expedient measures, entrepreneurship section was formed and the role of private sector in
social-economic development increased considerably.
After maintaining independence as the major priorities of foreign economic policy, the Republic
of Azerbaijan formed relationship with international finance-credit and economic institutions.
Azerbaijan had been admitted nearly to all of international institutions, including in 1992 IMF, World
Bank, EBRD, Islam Development Bank, in 1999 Asian Development Bank. The main directions and
specifications of social-economic policy strategy, which is continued successfully and improved by
the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev, is to transit to market economy and to form
social, diversified national economy, which possesses ability of self-development and to integrate to
world economy. As the result of implementation of this policy, obtained successes are strengthened,
macroeconomic stability was secured, diversification of the economy, development of non-oil sectors
and regions accelerated, efficient usage of strategic international reserves was secured, the stability of
national currency and confidence of banking system increased, conservative external debt strategy
implemented, support from government to entrepreneurship intensified, social welfare of population
improved sustainably.
In order to use existing economic potential of regions completely and efficiently, improve
social-economic situation and provide of equilibrium development of the economy, state program that
are implemented successfully describe attention of the President to economic development of regions,
it caused complex development of regions, of which recovery and expanding infrastructures, creating
new producing and processing enterprises, social-cultural institutions, opening new workplaces and
improving social-welfare of population.
The new stage aims at increasing the competitiveness of the national economy, efficient
integration into the world economic systems and ensuring a long-term dynamic socio-economic
development in the country.
The purpose of our article is to research the empiric data related with the industrial enterprises
of Azerbaijan then showed importance of “Balanced Scorecard (BSC)” method which this method is
key tool and performance measurement system for industrial enterprises. Besides, BSC method
impacts to the sustainable development of industrial enterprises which it is important for national
economy of the country.
The BSC was published in 1992 by Robert Kaplan and David Norton. In addition to measuring
current performance in financial terms, the BSC evaluates the enterprise's efforts for future
improvement using process, customer, and learning and growth metrics. The term "scorecard"
THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMY AND ADMINISTRATION: PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES
Baku Engineering University
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26-27 October 2018, Baku, Azerbaijan
signifies quantified performance measures and "balanced" signifies that the system is balanced
between:
short-term objectives and long-term objectives;
financial measures and non-financial measures;
lagging indicators and leading indicators;
internal performance and external performance perspectives.
So, the BSC is a management system that maps an organization's strategic objectives into
performance metrics in four perspectives: (1) financial, (2) internal processes, (3) customers, and (4)
learning and growth. These perspectives provide relevant feedback as to how well the strategic plan is
executing so that adjustments can be made as necessary.
The Balance Scorecard framework can be depicted as follow Picture № 01.
Picture № 01: The Balance Scorecard framework
As we mention that the BSC is a management system that maps an organization's strategic
objectives into performance metrics in four perspectives: financial, internal processes, customers, and
learning and growth then let’s understand deeply these four perspectives in detail:
1) Financial Perspective, the financial perspective addresses the question of how shareholders
view the enterprise and which financial goals are desired from the shareholder's perspective. The
specific goals depend on the company's stage in the business life cycle.
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