Kwiatek 2007, p. 39 and Urban, Siemieniako 2008, p. 9.
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IZABELA MICHALSKA-DUDEK
Feedback of a complex nature occurs between the presented factors,
since they not only determine loyalty but, in many cases, can also represent
its effects.
8
Consumer inertia factors should also be added to the above-mentioned
loyalty antecedents, which are derived from one of the well-known methods
attempting to explain loyalty sources: the Loyalty Drivers methodology, de-
veloped by researchers from the Marketing Science Centre [Siekierski 2003,
p. 43]. The so-called inertia factors, overall factors which hinder either re-
branding or changing a provider, are manifested in irrational behaviors,
such as remaining a client despite belief in the existence of better offers or
declining an offer for a change. These are as follows:
9
– Psychological characteristics differentiating consumers, such as a habit
and inclination towards making a routine purchase, consumer conser-
vatism, passion for novelty, tendency to seek variety, importance at-
tached to making a correct choice, laziness, or reluctance to verify an
assessment;
– Attitudes towards the category influenced by knowledge and under-
standing of the available offers, perception of differences and their sig-
nificance between brands, offers, or providers. Inertia is directly related
to a consumer’s understanding and knowledge of the studied category.
If offers are complicated for a client, he or she finds it more difficult to
make the decision to change, since it is difficult to compare products di-
rectly and decide whether one offers a higher value than the other one.
– Transition barriers (overall objective factors hindering rebranding, as
well as their subjective perception by a consumer), e.g., limited access to
competitive offers, existing agreements, benefits resulting from loyalty
programs, formalities and problems associated with changing a provid-
er, etc.
With the above discussion in mind, it is possible to conclude that cus-
tomer loyalty to tourist enterprises depends on many factors which cov-
er the determinants of tourist behaviors (macroeconomic factors, subjec-
tive factors, objective economic factors, and also objective non-economic
factors), as well as endogenous and exogenous determinants of consumer
loyalty (Fig. 4).
Before making a decision about purchasing an offer in the tourism mar-
ket, we face both the factors which influence tourist behaviors and the ones
which determine customer loyalty towards tourist service providers (Fig. 2).
8
It is worth listing the models that attempt to explain the phenomenon of loyalty, e.g.,
the Katon model, the van Raaija model, the O’Shaughnessy model, the Fishbein model, the
Andreasen model, the EKB model (Engel, Kollat, Blackwell), the Howard-Sheth model, and the
FHL model (Farley, Howard, Lehmann).
9
These are the kinds of factors which, to some extent, increase loyalty regardless of belief
in the value of an offer. Inertia frequently means forced loyalty, not remaining in line with the
real assessment of the value of an offer.
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MULTIDIMENSIONALITY AND DETERMINANTS OF CONSUMER...
However, consumer loyalty in the tourism market is influenced by the char-
acteristics of a consumer him/herself and also by the those that are typical
for the tourism sector, as well as the specific market conditions in which the
tourism
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