Introduction – Behaviors of Consumers of Tourist Services
The main purpose of this article is to present the essence and poly-
morphism of the loyalty concept, as well as to identify the determinants of
consumer loyalty in the tourism market. The review of literature for both
utilitarian purposes and cognitive purposes of a heuristic, auxiliary nature
allows for the present organization of knowledge and supports the concep-
tualization the underlying terms. The paper also aims to implement the
existing theoretical concepts on the grounds of the economy of tourism. Fol-
lowing the subject research review, which was conducted in an international
environment, the paper aims to conceptualize research regarding the loyal-
ty of consumers of tourist services (pointing to antecedents and effects) by
suggesting both directions and areas of future research.
The discussion focused on the loyalty of consumers of tourist services
and its determinants should start by characterizing the specificity of con-
sumer behavior in the tourism market. By means of presenting the loyalty
phenomenon duality, its motives, objectives, and basic determinants, the
paper intends to suggest definitions of the above-mentioned research con-
structs in the tourism market.
Consumer behavior can be defined as the “decision making process in
terms of choosing an offer in accordance with an individual scale of prefer-
ence and the realistically available purchasing power, as well as making the
purchase based on the collected experiences resulting from the previously
made consumption” [Panasiuk 2013, p. 61]. Consumer behaviors on the
market of tourism, referred to as tourist behaviors, represent the distin-
guished class of consumer behaviors which are separated by the specific na-
ture of tourists’ needs [Żabińska 1994, p. 29]. In the opinion of A. Niemczyk,
“tourist behaviors refer to all actions and activities performed by consum-
ers who present particular psychophysical predispositions related to making
choices within the process of meeting tourist needs in defined economic,
social, demographic, political, geographic, etc. conditions” [Niemczyk 2010,
p. 14].
“Two-stage nature of the decision making remains an important qual-
ity of the discussed process involving the consumers of tourist offers. The
first stage usually consists in selecting the destination, whereas the second
one in choosing a particular set of goods and services which make up a par-
ticular tourist product” [cf. Kachniewska, Nawrocka, Niezgoda, Pawlicz
2012, pp. 42–43].
The subject literature offers many classifications of determinants re-
sponsible for consumer behaviors. Therefore, it seems plausible to suggest
a classification of determinants underlying the behaviors of consumers of
tourist services. This classification is the synthesis of different classifica-
tions suggested by Polish authors and simultaneously follows the princi-
ple present in western literature regarding the domination of subjective
factors related to individual mentality and non-economic factors coming
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MULTIDIMENSIONALITY AND DETERMINANTS OF CONSUMER...
from a consumer’s environment. “It is a man—a human being character-
ized by a particular mentality—who represents the subject of travelling”
[Przecławski 2005, p. 57].
The classification presented below (Fig. 1) refers to macroeconomic fac-
tors, understood as all possible determinants underlying the decision-mak-
ing process of consumers of tourist services, residing in a given country, at
the background of integration and globalization processes.
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