Particle (noun)
a tiny amount
The introduction of more compression causes the new helium particles inside of the core
to collide hard enough so that they can stick together and fuse.
Partisan (adjective)
showing an inclination for or against something that inhibits impartial judgment
Divisive and partisan politics is quite common among governmental offices in many
countries.
Pass (noun)
a narrow passage through mountains
Sitting just west of the Nevada boundary in the basin and range district of the Mojave
Desert, Death Valley is all but surrounded by mountain ranges, with a few roads
connecting the valley to the outside world through narrow passes.
Passionate (noun)
fired with intense feeling
It is mentioned in many history books that Abigail Adams was a wise, learned, strong
willed, passionate, and patriotic woman.
Pastorate (noun)
office in which a priest or minister is in charge of a church or a congregation
Rejecting offers for academic positions, King decided while completing his Ph. D.
requirements to return to the South and accepted the pastorate of Dexter Avenue
Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.
Pasture (noun)
grassland suitable for grazing
The settlers to the new world called the New World "Vinland," an Old Norse term for
grassland or pasture.
Patriarchal (adjective)
relating to system of society or government ruled by men
Some decry marriage as a sexist and patriarchal institution that should be avoided at
all costs.
Patron (adjective)
a person chosen, named, or honored as a special guardian, protector, or supporter
Some authorities believe the Romans named the month for Juno, the patron goddess of
marriage.
Payload (noun)
the load carried by a vehicle exclusive of what is necessary for its operation; especially: the
load carried by an aircraft or spacecraft consisting of things such as passengers or
instruments necessary to the purpose of the flight
Scientists have worked for years to harness the power that viruses have to invade cells,
replacing unwanted elements of herpes and other viruses with disease-fighting genes in
hopes the new genetic payload would correct a targeted illness.
Peak (noun)
the highest point of a mountain
The western side of the valley is defined by the Panamint Range, with Telescope Peak its
highest spot at an elevation of 11,049 feet.
Peasant (noun)
small farmer or agricultural worker
Sterling observed only a small number of cases in which a man married more than one
wife in the Turkish peasant villages he studied.
Pebble (noun)
a small smooth stone worn by the action of water
The 3 mile wide comet will not be destroyed or knocked from its orbit. It's like if you
throw a pebble at a moving car. You're not going to knock the car off course, unless you
frighten the driver.
Peculiarity (noun)
peculiar behavior; a distinctive element
Demographic peculiarities reveal a pattern of upward marriage or hyper gamy which
is quite different from endogamy and reflects an acknowledged status difference among
communities.
Peg (verb)
to establish the identification of
Today's most sophisticated forecast models cannot peg mountain convection well enough
to assess how it might trigger storm complexes downstream.
Pelt (noun)
the skin of an animal
Many hunters and fur traders sought money in beaver and otter pelts, and deer and
buffalo skins.
Penance (noun)
act of self-punishment as reparation for guilt, sins, etc.
As penance for their sins, some religions require their members to engage in certain
embarrassing rituals before they can receive forgiveness.
Peninsula (noun)
a piece of land jutting out into the water and connected with a larger body of land with an
isthmus
Jamestown, Virginia, founded during the latter half of the seventeenth century, was built
on a peninsula.
Peppered (verb)
to direct a concentrated outpouring, as of missiles, words, or blows
The military outpost was peppered with machine gun fire continuously for three hours.
Percentage (noun)
rate or proportion percent
Binet discovered that the percentage of subnormal children stayed about the same if he
took the ratio between the child’s "mental age" and "chronological age" instead of the
difference between the two.
Perception (noun)
the condition of being aware; that which exists in the mind as the product of careful mental
activity
The cognition and perception program represents a very diverse group of faculty and
students with research interests in all areas of cognitive science, including sensation,
perception, motor performance, attention, memory, learning, and decision making.
Perch (adjective)
a resting place or vantage point; a roost for a bird
When feeding in a field, crows usually post a sentinel on a lofty perch to sound a
warning if any danger should approach.
Peril (noun)
exposure to the risk of being injured, destroyed, or lost
With the falloff in old-style agriculture, the region's remarkably diverse plant
community, including many rare wildflower species, is also in peril.
Peripheral (adjective)
of minor importance; marginal
Cervantes's book was read as a parody of novels of chivalry until the Romantics revealed
its true importance as a novel. Part one interpolates peripheral episodes into the main
plot.
Perish (verb)
to cease living
At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people perished in the deadliest historical eruption
to occur in what is now Hawaii.
Permeate (verb)
to diffuse through or penetrate something
Hot, humid weather permeated the East on Thursday, and many areas of the central
United States received rain.
Perpendicular to (adjective)
at right angles to the horizon or to level ground
Since lift always occurs perpendicular to the surface of the wing, the lift acts at an
angle and the plane turns accordingly.
Persecution (noun)
very painful punishment
Some people with mental disorders have a tendency toward self-persecution, self-
sabotage, and even violence.
Persistent (adjective)
insistently continuous; of long duration
After persistent rumors of a deep underground lake somewhere in a cave in East
Tennessee, a large body of water now named the Lost Sea was discovered in 1905.
Persnickety (adjective)
fussy about small details: fastidious
Some common complaints about usage strike me as too persnickety, but I'm just
discussing mistakes in English that happen to bother me.
Personalize (verb)
to make personal, which is characterized by a close and thorough acquaintance
To personalize a business relationship can be effective in many cultures.
Perspective (noun)
that which is or can be seen; mental view of the relative importance of things
Although few occupations include "sociologist" in their title at the bachelor's level, the
sociological perspective is excellent preparation for a wide variety of occupations.
Pervasive (adjective)
widespread; occurring quite often
Over one half million people in the U.S. today have autism or some form of pervasive
developmental disorder.
Pest (noun)
something resembling a pest in destructiveness; especially: a plant or animal detrimental
to humans or human concerns (as agriculture or livestock production)
"Disgusting," "dirty," and "pest" are just some of the words we associate with the very
unpopular insect, the cockroach.
Phenomenal (adjective)
so remarkable as to elicit disbelief
Few in the music world were prepared for the phenomenal success in 1983 of Michael
Jackson's Thriller produced by Quincy Jones.
Phobia (noun)
having a fear of something
People who have a lot of phobias will also be characterized as having unusually high
stress levels.
Phony (adjective)
unreal, fake, pretend
Multiple Personality Disorder was being thrown into disrepute by many people giving
phony demonstrations of alter switching during television talk shows.
Phrase (noun)
to convey in language or words of a particular form
It would seem socially unacceptable utter the following phrase to a co-worker: “You are
ugly?”
Physiologist (noun)
one who studies the functions of the living organisms and their living parts
The first studies done with classical conditioning were performed by Ivan Pavlov, a
Russian physiologist.
Pier (noun)
a structure extending into navigable water for use as a landing place or promenade or to
protect or form a harbor
Seaweeds, or algae, some of which attach themselves to stationary objects such as rocks
or piers by the suction of organs called holdfasts, do not have roots like higher land
plants.
Pigment (noun)
something that imparts color
Many types of seaweed and other plants that do not appear to be green also have
chlorophyll and therefore can convert the sun's energy into food. In these plants, the
greenness is hidden by other pigments.
Pilgrimage (noun)
a journey to a shrine or sacred place
Dr. Martin Luther King emphasized the goal of black voting rights when he spoke at the
Lincoln Memorial during the 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom.
Pinpoint (verb)
to look for and discover; to establish the identification of
In cores from Antarctica and Greenland, researchers have pinpointed the beginning of
atomic bomb testing in the mid 1950s.
Pipeline (noun)
a line of pipe with pumps, valves, and control devices for conveying liquids, gases, or solids
Diamonds were formed under extreme heat and pressure at our Earth's core. They
traveled to the surface through volcanic pipelines known as kimberlitic during the
Earth's formation.
Pivotal (adjective)
vitally important, crucial
The difference is that these kids were already playing a pivotal role in the shaping of
that culture, being the first generation to grow up with a Life on the Internet.
Placebo (noun)
an inert or harmless substance used especially in the controlled experiments testing the
effectiveness of another substance
The research compared results of the crushed-body treatment with the results of
immunotherapy that used insect venom and also the results of a placebo.
Plug (verb)
to make unsuitable for passage or progress by obstruction
Acne starts when greasy secretions from the skin's sebaceous glands plug the tiny
openings for hair follicles.
Plausible (adjective)
worthy of being believed
Believing that he had a plausible alibi the day his wife was murdered, investigators let
the suspect go home with no charges being filed.
Playwright (noun)
a person who writes plays
William Shakespeare, famous for the tragedy “Romeo and Juliet,” was one of the greatest
playwrights to ever exist.
Plume (noun)
an open and mobile column of smoke, exhaust gases, or blowing snow
Great plumes of smoke were seen in the horizon.
Poach (verb)
to take game or fish by illegal methods
Chinese folk medicines utilize almost every part of the tiger's body, leading to widespread
poaching of these animals.
Pocketbook (noun)
financial resources: income
Our recommendations will help you build a system that fits both your needs and your
pocketbook.
Polygamy (noun)
marriage in which a spouse of either sex may have more than one mate a the same time
Polygamy is allowable in Islamic tradition but is prohibited in Turkish law.
Polyp (noun)
a projecting mass of swollen and hypertrophied or membrane; a coelenterate that
has typically a hollow cylindrical body surrounded by tentacles armed with nematocysts
The ability that humans have to change the earth’s surface is rivaled only by colonies of
tiny coral polyps, which over millions of years form massive coral reefs of limestone.
Pomp (noun)
a ceremonial or festival display as a train of followers or a pageant
The four-day visit, aimed at patching up differences between the two countries over
issues such as the Iraq war, will be laden with state events and royal pomp such as
Tuesday evening's state banquet in Putin's honor.
Pool (noun)
an aggregation of the interests or property of different persons made to further a joint
undertaking by subjecting them to the same control and a common liability
Over one's working life, that may be true, but a bachelor's degree, for example, could be a
minimum prerequisite that keeps you from being screened out of the applicant pool.
Ponder (verb)
to consider carefully and at length
Program directors and staff ponder the disruptive dynamism of these new heathcare
reforms. In a short time, the reforms might well be a dynamic instability in the care and
networking of patients with cardiovascular diseases.
Portfolio (noun)
the securities held by an investor: the commercial paper held by financial house like a bank
It's a good bet rates will rise if the prime rate increases, since the lender's cost of doing
business will be higher. Or they may change if the lender sells its portfolio of customers
to another bank.
Portion (noun)
one of the parts into which something is divided
In 1848, the Virginia portion of land donated as part of the District of Columbia was
returned to that state.
Pose (verb)
to present for attention or consideration; to put or set forth
As researchers continue to search the skies for objects that pose an impact risk, they are
also beginning discussions on how to deflect an object on a collision course with Earth.
Possession (noun)
those articles which belong to someone
Junko left most of her possessions with her parents before leaving to the United States.
Post (noun)
an office or position to which a person is appointed
He steadily advanced at the UN, holding posts in budget, personnel, and refugee affairs.
Postpone (verb)
to put off until a later time
The exam was postponed until the next week.
Posturing (noun)
the act of representing oneself in a given character or as other than what one is
Political posturing is quite common in presidential elections.
Power plant (noun)
a building or complex in which electricity is produced
Atmospheric carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides from coal and oil burning
power plants, cars, and other fossil fuel burning sources have climbed along with the
world population, with as yet unknown effects on the climate system.
Prairie (noun)
a large area of level or rolling land in the Mississippi River valley that has deep fertile soil,
a cover of tall coarse grasses, and few trees
The Midwestern part of the United States is characterized by vast prairies, rich
agricultural farmland, and intense thunderstorms.
Precipitate (verb)
something brought about by a cause
In 1861_1862, Federal forces pushing southward from St. Louis captured Forts Henry
and Donelson on the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, which precipitated the Battle
of Shiloh.
Precise (adjective)
clearly, fully, and sometimes emphatically expressed
To maintain flexibility, stretching must be performed at least everyday (every 36 hours
to be precise).
Preconceived (adjective)
to form an opinion prior to actual knowledge or experience
The Battle of Shiloh would change all preconceived notions that the Civil War would be
short lived.
Precursor (noun)
a forerunner; one that proceeds and indicates the approach of another
If language evolved by gradual Darwinian natural selection, we must be able to find
some precursor of it in our closest relatives, the chimpanzees.
Predator (noun)
one that preys, destroys, or devours
Sea lions, seals, and sharks are natural predators of the salmon.
Predecessor (noun)
one that precedes; especially : a person who has previously occupied a position or office to
which another has succeeded
Scientists have unearthed three 160,000_year_old human skulls in Ethiopia that are the
oldest known and best preserved fossils of modern humans' immediate predecessors.
Preface (noun)
a short section of preliminary remarks
Renaissance books established the convention of the preface that is found in most books
of today.
Preliminary (adjective)
Avian (bird) mortality is being studied currently to determine if industrial wind turbine
farms contribute to the demise of large birds of prey such as golden and bald eagles.
Preliminary results indicate that avian mortality is specific to the site (if it's on a
flyway), not the turbines in general.
Prescribed (adjective)
relating to setting forth expressly and authoritatively
Not only have national parks been thinking about this option, private land owners have
been debating prescribed burning as well.
Presumably (adverb)
according to a tentative assumption
While a psychologist openly shares psychological principles to promote treatment,
psychics use psychology as a personal tool to manipulate the client, known as the sitter,
presumably for the sitter's own good.
Prevalence (noun)
the quality or condition of being usual
Its prevalence rate makes autism one of the most common developmental disabilities.
Prey (noun)
one that is made to suffer injury, loss, or death
Venom is then injected into the prey by an opening near the tip of the fang.
Primarily (adverb)
for the greater or larger part; mostly
Sulfates, which originate primarily in coal fired power plants, started rising around
1900.
Primate (noun)
any of an order of mammals comprising man together with the apes, monkeys or related
Allelomimetic behavior is highly developed among primates, where it has the principal
function of providing warning against predators.
Primitive (adjective)
of or pertaining to early stages in the evolution of human culture
In primitive times, there were no televisions, radios, or microwaves.
Principal (adjective)
most important, influential, or significant
William Faulkner’s principal residence during the next several months was near Paris,
France, just around the corner from the Luxembourg Gardens, where he spent much of
his time; his written description of the gardens would later be revised for the closing of
his novel Sanctuary.
Principle (noun)
a broad and basic rule or truth
The best philosophy I can convey about how to avoid problems is the principle of the
three red flags, which states that most accidents are not the result of an unavoidable
"karmic-cannonball," but rather are the predictable outcome of a series of related events.
Prior to (verb)
going before; just gone by or elapsed
No one else had gone to college prior to his entering Harvard.
Probable (adjective)
likely to happen or to be true; based on probability or presumption
The Ontario report found a probable link between firefighting and cancer even though
the evidence was inconsistent.
Probe (verb)
to study in order to acquire information
The committee probed more into the allegations of whether or not he had engaged in
insider trading.
Procedure (noun)
an official or prescribed course of action; a method used in dealing with something
For those unfamiliar with the term, cold reading is the description of the personality,
characteristics, and features, past experiences and sometimes the future of a person
without the use of standard psychological or other formal diagnostic procedures.
Proclamation (noun)
a public statement; the act of announcing
Dubbed the Emancipation Proclamation, the law decreed that all slaves were free men.
Precocious (adjective)
exhibiting mature qualities at an unusually early age
A recent study in Norway suggests that wild salmon lose out to sexually precocious
fish-farm invaders when breeding in rivers.
Procurement (noun)
the act of getting possession of: obtaining by particular care and effort
Most organ procurement organizations offer programs that forward letters from
organ recipients to the families of organ donors.
Profound (adjective)
beyond the understanding of the average mind
It is a complex story within the healthcare scheme of technological modernization that
has one profound and simple reality: there will not be enough money to pay for the
healthcare costs of this country.
Progeny (noun)
a group consisting of those descended directly from the same parents or ancestors
John Adams's marriage of 54 years to this wise, learned, strong willed, passionate, and
patriotic woman began the brilliant phase of Adams family history that produced their
son John Quincy, his son Charles Francis, his sons Henry and Brooks, and numerous
other distinguished progeny.
Project (verb)
a rough or tentative calculation
The costs of advances in modern medical technology and services have been projected
to be between $1.5 to $2.3 trillion dollars.
Prolific (adjective)
characterized by great productivity
Ebay, an Internet company allowing people to buy and sell products Online, is one of the
most prolific businesses in recent history.
Prolonged (adjective)
of long duration; extending tediously beyond a standard duration
In 1772, Archbishop von Schrattenbach died, to be succeeded by Hieronymus von
Colloredo. The latter, at first sympathetic to the Mozart’s, later became irritated by
Wolfgang's prolonged absences and stubborn ways.
Prominent (adjective)
widely known and esteemed
Thompson and Allen are respectively touted as prominent west coast and east coast
movie producers.
Promisingly (adverb)
of, or relating to indicative of future success
Mozart's career in Vienna began promisingly, and he was soon commissioned to write
The Abduction from the Seraglio (1782).
Promote (verb)
to make known the positive features of a product; to provide favorable publicity for
While a psychologist openly shares psychological principles to promote treatment,
psychics use psychology as a personal tool to manipulate the client, known as the sitter,
presumably for the sitter's own good.
Prone (adjective)
having or showing a tendency or likelihood
More areas in the world were prone to drought than those in the past.
Propagate (verb)
to bring into existence and foster the development of; increase
Because the rate at which a wave loses its energy is inversely related to its wave length,
tsunamis not only propagate at high speeds, they can also travel great, transoceanic
distances with limited energy losses.
Propel (verb)
to force to move or advance with or as if with blows or pressure
After a person chews and swallows, the food is propelled down the ten inches of
esophagus and into the stomach.
Propeller (noun)
revolving shaft with blades, especially for propelling a ship or airplane
As the plane uses jet engines or even a propeller in some cases, to move itself forward,
air rushes by the wing.
Propensity (noun)
an inclination or tendency to something
Sakaltutan women show a low rate of remaining within their villages (just over 50%)
and a high propensity to marry men in other locations.
Proponent (noun)
one who supports or champions an activity, institution, etc.
Morehouse College president Benjamin Mays and other proponents of Christian social
activism influenced King's decision after his junior year at Morehouse to become a
minister and thereby serve society.
Proportion (noun)
satisfying arrangement marked by even distribution of elements, as in a design
The cut of a diamond refers to its proportions.
Prospector (noun)
one who searches for something, especially valuable minerals: gold, silver, and diamonds.
In the mid 1870s, gold was discovered, and press reports brought a rush of prospectors
to California.
Prosperity (noun)
steady good fortune or financial security; a state of health, happiness, and prosperity
Many gay couples are enjoying a higher level of economic prosperity than the average
American and don't feel constrained in any way by a lack of marriage rights.
Protagonist (noun)
the main performer in a theatrical production
Given to reading books of chivalry, the protagonist Alonso Quijano, influenced by the
exploits of his heroes, loses his mind and decides to become a knight, go out in search of
adventure, and impose justice according to the code of the knights errant.
Protruding (adjective)
to curve outward past the normal or usual limit
An anorexic person has protruding ribs and resembles a skeleton, yet usually denies
being thin.
Proverb (noun)
a usually familiar statement expressing an observation or principle generally accepted as
wise or true
Many Biblical proverbs are used in Western culture as informative verses by which a
person can effectively govern his life.
Provision (verb)
to provide as of supplies; to be prepared beforehand
This species nests in the ground and provisions its nest with cicadas.
Prowess (noun)
distinguished bravery; especially : military valor and skill; extraordinary ability
It was in England, at the Crystal Palace-the popular name for the first World's Fair, held
in London in 1851-that America's industrial and technological prowess was first widely
recognized.
Prowl (verb)
to roam over in a predatory manner; to move about or wander stealthily in or as if in
search of prey
At sea, large ships with heavy gear prowl in search of fish.
Psychic (noun)
considered to have powers such as telepathy [paranormal communication of thoughts,
especially with the deceased] or clairvoyance [being to able to tell the future beyond the
normal sensory contact]
In the majority of cases, sitters go to psychics to address a personal problem, whether
it's travel, health, expectations, sex, career, ambitions, or money.
Psychoanalysis (noun)
a method of treating emotional disorders that emphasizes the importance of a patient’s
talking freely about himself while under the treatment and especially about childhood
experiences and about his dreams
Dr. Sigmund Freud developed a new mental treatment which he named
psychoanalysis.
Psychotic (adjective)
being insane or mad
Many murderers are psychotic, and they have no remorse about killing their victims.
Pulse (noun)
to make rhythmic contractions, sounds, or movements
In 1993, Angelou wrote and delivered a poem, "On the Pulse of the Morning," at the
inauguration for President Bill Clinton at his request.
Pummel (verb)
to strike repeatedly by heavy blows so as to cause damage
Gov. Jeb Bush on Tuesday declared a state of emergency for seven southwestern Florida
counties which were pummeled by torrential rain.
Pump (verb)
to remove a liquid by a steady, gradual process
Some cities are now pumping water which has lain in underground storage for more
than 25,000 years.
Pungent (adjective)
affecting the organs of taste or smell with a strong and often harsh sensation; so sharp as
to cause mental pain
In a pungent diary, vivid letters, learned tracts, and patriotic speeches he revealed
himself as a quintessential Puritan, patriarch of an illustrious family, tough minded
philosopher of the republic, sage, and sometimes a vain, stubborn, and vitriolic partisan.
Pupil (noun)
one who is being educated, student
It is fairly certain that Cervantes was a pupil of López de Hoyos in Madrid.
Push (noun)
a vigorous effort to attain an end, drive
Back in the early 1960's when the fishery was really developing quite strongly, there was
a push from both industry and government to make sure that things were going to be
sustainable.
Pursue (verb)
to follow another; to move behind another in the same direction
His attempts to measure intelligence caught on and were pursued by others.
Quantitatively (adverb)
relating to or involving the measurement of quantity or amount
It is difficult to quantitatively
Quartet (noun)
a composition of four performers; any group of four
The great piano concertos and the string quartets dedicated to his "dear friend" Josef
Haydn were also composed during this period.
Quasi- (prefix)
seemingly; not really; almost
Chimpanzees require massive regimented teaching sequences contrived by humans to
acquire quite rudimentary abilities, mostly limited to a small number of signs, strung
together in repetitive, quasi-random sequences, used with the intent of requesting food
or tickling.
Radioactivity (noun)
the emission of ionizing radiation or particles caused by the spontaneous disintegration of
atomic nuclei
Each layer of ice in a core corresponds to a single year or sometimes even a single season
and most everything that fell in the snow that year remains behind, including wind
blown dust, ash, atmospheric gases, even radioactivity.
Raid (verb)
to attack in order to steal, destroy, or conquer
Crows sometimes raid the nests and eat the eggs and the young of smaller birds.
Rally (verb)
with reference to troops bring or come together again so as to continue fighting
In a last effort to regain control of Shiloh, the confederate troops rallied against the
union soldiers in a three day raging battle.
Ramble (verb)
to move aimlessly from place to place; to explore idly
NASA launches the first of two golf cart size rovers that will ramble across the rocky,
red soil of Mars and drill for evidence that the Red Planet once had enough water to
support life.
Ramshackle (noun)
appearing ready to collapse; carelessly or loosely constructed
Both are lonely in their ramshackle surroundings and, over a series of gin rummy
games, they become acquainted.
Range (noun)
the area of variation between limits on a particular scale: the car's outside my price range
Flexibility is the ability to move joints freely through their full range of motion.
Rarity (noun)
the state or quality of being far beyond what is usual, normal, or customary
If the inclusions are not visible to the naked eye, a higher clarity does not really improve
the appearance of a diamond but rather the rarity and price
Ratchet (verb)
to cause to move by steps or degrees - usually used with up or down
Since Sept. 11, Beijing has ratcheted up its bluster against Xinxiang’s Uighur
separatists.
Rate-slashing (adjective)
to reduce sharply
The Fed started its rate-slashing campaign in 2001, and by January 2002, the average
interest rate on credit cards had fallen by more than 2 percentage points. But then they
began a steady creep upward.
Ratio (noun)
the quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number of times one value
contains or is contained within the other
Mercury is the only body in the solar system known to have an orbital/rotational
resonance with a ratio other than 1:1.
Raw (adjective)
uncooked; in its natural state, not processed
The chlorophyll captures the light energy and uses this energy to build carbohydrates
from simple raw materials (water, carbon dioxide and minerals).
Ravenous (adjective)
desiring or craving food
Ladybugs, those polka-doted little beetles, have a ravenous appetite for aphids and
other insects, which is why they can be used in place of insecticides in the citrus industry
of California.
Reacquaint (verb)
to re-familiarize oneself with someone or something; to cause to know about or be aware
of something or someone which was once familiar
Page through the text and/or your notebook to reacquaint yourself with the important
points.
Readily (adverb)
without hesitation, willingly; without difficulty, easily
The developments in the music of Rhythm and Blues of the mid to late 1980's are readily
apparent, especially the pervasive influence of hip-hop.
Reality (noun)
the state of things as they actually exist, as opposed to an idealistic or notional idea of them
Cervantes's work, a keen critique of the literature of his time, presented the clash between
reality and the ideals which Don Quixote sought to revive, and at the same time
originated the theme of the clairvoyance of insanity.
Realize (verb)
become fully aware of as a fact; understand clearly
Although they loved Vinland, they realized there would always be trouble living with
the Indians.
Rear (verb)
to take care of and educate [a child]
The life cycle of insects is so short that many generations can be reared each year.
Recall (verb)
remember; cause one to remember or think of; officially order to return
They cannot recall having made withdrawals from their bank account signed for in a
strange handwriting.
Recede (verb)
move back or farther away; gradually diminish
Fortunately, after three days of Sunshine and no rain, the floods from the American
River receded back into its banks.
Receptor (noun)
a cell or group of cells that receive stimuli; sense organ
Although the vibration receptor on the spider’s leg seems most sensitive to frequencies
above 1,000 hertz, previous research had indicated that vibrations induced by trapped
prey never exceeded that frequency.
Recipient (noun)
a person who receives something.
Modern city-states engage in instant electronic communication and capital transfer, and
are the chief recipients of world population growth.
Reciprocity (noun)
the practice of exchanging things with others for mutual benefit
It is important that a relationship be friendly and express group reciprocity.
Recitation (noun)
musical declamation of the kind usual in the narrative and dialogue parts of opera and
oratorio
The program included songs and recitations of well-loved poems.
Reclaiming (verb)
retrieve or recover; bring (waste land or land formerly under water) under cultivation
Until we can discover an inexpensive system for reclaiming sea water, we must all
work together to make sure there is fresh clean water for the next generations.
Recombining (verb)
to put together again into one mass so that the constituent parts are more or less
homogeneous
By recombining the atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in different combinations,
the plant creates the different carbohydrates.
Reconstitute (verb)
to form or make up again or anew
U.S. officials emphasized this was not evidence Iraq had a nuclear weapon -- but it was
evidence the Iraqis concealed plans to reconstitute their nuclear program as soon as
the world was no longer looking.
Recovered (verb)
return to a normal state of health, mind, or strength
Therapists believe that the appropriate therapy involves the recovery of childhood abuse
memories, through recovered memory therapy re-integration of alters into the
dominant personality.
Rectangular (adjective)
a plane figure with four straight sides and four right angles, and with unequal adjacent
sides
Betsy Johnson lives in a humble three bedroom rectangular shaped house.
Recycled (adjective)
into reusable material; use again
To save paper, one should consider buying books made only with recycled paper.
Redact (verb)
to put in writing; to select or adapt for publication
Court documents related to the guardian's medical plan for J.D. are redacted and do
not disclose when and where the young woman will be taken to give birth.
Redeem (verb)
to free from a lien by payment of an amount secured thereby; to remove the obligation of
by payment
By redeeming this debt early, we continue with our stated policy to further reduce the
company's total debt position.
Reflexive (adjective)
acting or happening without apparent forethought, prompting, or planning
Because the dogs’ salivation is reflexive, Pavlov decided to analyze how the dogs
learned to associate the bell with being fed.
Reform (verb)
make changes in something in order to improve it; cause to abandon an immoral or
criminal lifestyle
In a short time, the reforms might well be a dynamic instability in the care and
networking of patients with cardiovascular diseases.
Refract (verb)
to cause to move, especially at an angle; to bend
Sound waves traveling upward may be refracted by the difference in temperature and
redirected toward the ground.
Refrain from (verb)
stop oneself from doing something
He refrained from hitting him back.
Regardless of (adverb)
despite the prevailing circumstances
For example, some argue that regardless of any individual's desire to get married, the
community as a whole should support official recognition of their right to do so.
Regenerate (verb)
re-grow new tissue; bring new and more vigorous life to an area or institution
But Davis and Trier have found that mesoscale convective vortexes play a key role in
helping storms regenerate over two or more days.
Regime (noun)
a government in power
He said the European Union would extend its ban on visits by Myanmar officials,
warning that further pressure would follow "unless the regime moves rapidly to restore
civilian rule and democracy."
Regiment (noun)
a permanent unit of an army, typically divided into several smaller units and often into two
battalions; a large number of people or things
William Tecumseh Sherman, division commander, was quoted saying to reporters, "Take
your regiment to Ohio. No enemy is nearer than Corinth."
Region (noun)
an area of a country or the world having definable characteristics but not always fixed
boundaries; an administrative district of a city or country
Arnold speculated that the Polar Regions might have areas that are permanently
shadowed, hence permanently cold.
Regulatory (verb)
control or maintain the rate or speed of a machine or process; control or supervise by
means of rules and regulations
Some alters create new alters as needed. Others perform a system regulatory function;
they determine which alter will be in charge at a given time.
Regurgitate (verb)
to throw or pour back or out from or as if from a cavity
California condors are scavengers, eating dead animals and carcasses left by hunters.
Some condors will regurgitate their food if they feel threatened.
Rehabilitation (verb)
restore to health or normal life by training and therapy after imprisonment, addiction, or
illness
Cardiac rehabilitation professionals find themselves increasingly drawn into
discussions about healthcare reform, particularly when it relates to cost containment.
Rehearse (verb)
to do or perform repeatedly so as to master
The bride and the groom usually rehearse their wedding ceremony before the actual
day of the wedding.
Relative (adjective)
considered in relation or in proportion to something else; existing or possessing a
characteristic only in comparison to something else
The precise composition, and relative proportions of that dust and gas, holds clues to
the materials and physical conditions present in the frigid outer regions of the solar
system where comets are formed.
Remarkable (adjective)
extraordinary or striking.
Leopold was a successful composer and violinist and assistant concertmaster at the
Salzburg court, whose archbishop, Sigismund von Schrattenbach, encouraged the
activities of Leopold and his remarkable children.
Remedy (noun)
a medicine, application, or treatment that relieves or cures a disease
So we wanted to see how it measured in its latest marketing claims as an anti-aging
remedy for men in their 40s," says Conrad Earnest, PhD, of the Cooper Institute Centers
for Integrative Health Research in Dallas.
Reminiscent of (adjective)
tending to remind one of something; absorbed in memories
Going fishing by the lake last week was reminiscent of the times when I went fishing as
a child.
Remnants (noun)
a small remaining quantity; a piece of cloth left when the greater part has been used or
sold; a surviving trace
Deep into the jungles of Guatemala are the remnants of a civilization which existed
more than 1,000 years ago.
Remote (adjective)
far away in space or time; situated far from the main centers of population
Death Valley, one of the remotest areas in California, boasts summertime temperatures
which are among some of the hottest in the world.
Renaissance (noun)
the revival of art and literature under the influence of classical models in the 14th and 16th
centuries; a revival of or renewed interest in something
Los trabajos is the best evidence not only of the survival of Greek novelistic themes but
also of the survival of forms and ideas of the Spanish novel of the second Renaissance.
Render (verb)
to present a lifelike image of
X-rays differentiate between bone and air, hence rendering the liver, the pancreas and
certain other organs invisible.
Renowned (noun)
the state of being famous.
He quickly became renowned for his religious theme paintings which were popular
with the art buying public.
Rent (verb)
to separate one part of a substance or object from another: tear; often used with apart
The colossal impact must have nearly rent the young Earth apart.
Repercussion (noun)
a remote or indirect consequence of some action
Another group doesn't want to risk repercussions while perhaps another group just
doesn't care one way or the other.
Repetition (noun)
the action or an instance of repeating or being repeated; a thing that repeats another
This would be a weight lifter performing multiple repetitions of a light weight.
Replete (adjective)
fully or abundantly provided or filled
Gateway threw in a near library of primers for mastering the ins and outs of video
editing. One, replete with colorful illustrations, shows you how to capture, create, and
share movies.
Repulsion (noun)
the force with which bodies, particles, or like forces repel one another
Einstein added a cosmological constant to his theory and that term represented a
repulsion (pushing away) of every point in space by the surrounding points, acting
against gravitational attraction.
Rescue (verb)
save from a dangerous or distressing situation
The easiest way to rescue you is to not get into trouble in the first place.
Reservoir (noun)
a large natural or artificial lake used as a source of water supply; a place where fluid
collects, especially in rock strata or in the body
The water builds up behind the dam and spreads out to form an artificial lake or
reservoir.
Residence (noun)
the fact of residing somewhere; the place where a person resides; a person's home
His principal residence during the next several months was near Paris, France, just
around the corner from the Luxembourg Gardens, where he spent much of his time; his
written description of the gardens would later be revised for the closing of his novel
Sanctuary.
Resolve (verb)
settle or find a solution to; decide firmly on a course of action
After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the United States resolved to enter War.
Resonance (noun)
the quality of being resonant; physics: the reinforcement or prolongation of sound by
reflection or synchronous vibration
It is now known that Mercury rotates three times in two of its years. Mercury is the only
body in the solar system known to have an orbital/rotational resonance with a ratio
other than 1:1.
Respectively (adverb)
separately or individually and in the order already mentioned
Authors Jones and Dewey are respectively touted as prominent west coast and east coast
psychics.
Respiration (noun)
the action of breathing; a single breath
Warm ups prepare your body for the exercise ahead by increasing heart rate and
respiration, and thus supplying energy (heat, oxygen) to the cells.
Resume (verb)
begin again or continue after a pause or interruption
At that point the Sun would stop, briefly reverse course, and stop again before
resuming its path toward the horizon and decreasing in apparent size.
Retain (verb)
continue to have; keep possession of; absorb and continue to hold
In-marriage also has the effect of retaining property within family lines, especially
where women are allowed to inherit.
Retard (adjective)
less advanced in mental, physical, or social development than is usual for one's age
Binet was commissioned by the government in France to make recommendations about
how to educate retarded children.
Retinue (noun)
a group of advisers or assistants accompanying an important person
In 1569 he went to Italy as part of Cardenal Acquaviva's retinue and after signing up as
a soldier in 1570 fought in the battle of Lepanto aboard the galley Marquesa.
Retrieve (verb)
get or bring back
The long cylinders of ancient ice that they retrieve provide a dazzlingly detailed record
of what was happening in the world over the past several ice ages.
Revenue (adjective)
relating to the total income produced by a given source
Resellers intent on building a steady revenue stream continue to fill backrooms with
assembly tools, components and test gear to turn out house-branded computer
equipment.
Revere (verb)
respect or admire deeply
He continued to be revered after his death from a fall while painting in 1682.
Reverse (verb)
move backwards; make something the opposite of what it was
It would seem socially unacceptable if the phrases above were reversed.
Revise (verb)
examine and improve or amend text; reconsider and alter an opinion or judgment
A brief description of the invention, planning and drafting, middle draft peer review,
final draft, and revised final draft stages will be explained by various students whom I
have asked to speak today.
Revitalize (verb)
to give new life or vigor to
Natural flooding of rivers revitalizes the habitats of many plants and animals and
enriches soils for planting.
Rigid (adjective)
incapable of changing or being modified
Intense heat changes the nature of clay so that it becomes stony and rigid.
Rigorous (adjective)
not deviating from correctness, accuracy, or completeness
The standards of validity for experimental research are so rigorous that it may take a
researcher several years to get his results published in a scholarly journal.
Rim (noun)
the upper or outer edge of something more or less circular
The bicyclists raced around the southern rim of the Grand Canyon
Rip (verb)
to separate or pull apart by force
To fully exterminate an ant colony, the must be located and treated—and in some cases,
walls must be ripped open.
Ripple (noun)
a small wave or series of waves; a gentle rising and falling sound that spreads through a
group of people
Muscular contractions cause a ripple-like movement that carries the contents down the
small intestine - somewhat like a conveyor belt.
Risk (noun)
a situation involving exposure to danger
Another group doesn't want to risk repercussions while perhaps another group just
doesn't care one way or the other.
Ritual (noun)
a religious or solemn ceremony involving a series of actions performed according to a set
order
There are seven sacraments or rituals in the Catholic Church.
Rivet (noun)
a headed pin or bolt used for uniting two or more pieces by passing the shank through a
hole in each piece and then beating or pressing down the other end to make a second head
Second only to iron and steel, aluminum is used in the construction of lawn chairs,
baseball bats, air and space vehicles, and even the rivets that hold them together.
Root (noun)
a rhizome; a plant on to which another variety is grafted
Born in Atlanta on January 15, 1929, Dr. Martin Luther King's roots were formed in the
African-American Baptist church.
Rotate (verb)
move in a circle round an axis
It is now known that Mercury rotates three times in two of its years.
Rotation (noun)
the action or process of rotating
The Moon's axis of rotation is nearly perpendicular to the plane of its orbit around the
Sun, so the Sun always appears at or near the horizon in the polar regions of the Moon.
Rough (adjective)
having an uneven or irregular surface, not smooth or level; approximate
While these data are at best rough estimates, there is one certainty we spent only a tiny
percentage of the $800 billion on prevention.
Route (noun)
a way or course taken in getting from a starting point to a destination
Grapevine Canyon is one of the three eastern exit routes from Death Valley, and the
location of Scotty's Castle.
Routine (noun)
a sequence of actions regularly followed; a fixed unvarying program
This is important in sports such as track and field and football, as well as routine
activities such as lifting groceries or moving furniture.
Rubbish (noun)
waste material; refuse or litter
It lays its eggs in rubbish heaps, rotting trees trunks, sawdust, and other vegetative
matter.
Rubble (noun)
broken fragments, especially of a building
During the San Francisco earthquake at the beginning of the 20
th
century, many
buildings were reduced to nothing more but a pile of rubble.
Rudimentary (adjective)
involving or limited to basic principles
To show why the chimpanzees signaling system is not homologous to human language,
Zachary says that chimpanzees require massive regimented teaching sequences
contrived by humans to acquire quite rudimentary abilities.
Rule out (verb)
to keep from being admitted, included, or considered
Eventually, experimental tests by Army Majors William Gorgas and Walter Reed ruled
out dirt and poor sanitation conditions as causes of Yellow Fever, and a mosquito was
the suspected carrier.
Run (verb)
to do in a formal manner or according to prescribed ritual: do
Picking up on Safronov's general ideas, Hartmann and Davis ran calculations of the rate
of growth of the 2nd-largest, 3rd largest, etc., bodies in the general vicinity of Earth, as
the Earth itself was growing.
Runoff (noun)
the portion of precipitation on land that ultimately reaches streams often with dissolved or
suspended material
The ground is completely saturated, so everything is runoff. We could have flash floods
just about any time.
Rural (adjective)
relating to or characteristic of the countryside rather than the town
Marriage patterns in rural Turkey are noticeably influenced by endogamous
preferences within both villages and kinship groups.
Rush (verb)
move or act with urgent haste; transport or produce with urgent haste
In the mid-1870s, gold was discovered, and press reports brought a rush of prospectors.
Rustle (verb)
to act or move with energy or speed; to forage food
The big ears of a bat detect the returning echoes, as well as the sounds of prey, such as
insects rustling in the leaves.
Sabotage (noun)
a deliberate and underhanded effort to defeat or do harm to an endeavor
To sabotage his friend’s grades, John’s roommate accused him of cheating on a
Philosophy exam.
Sacred (adjective)
regarded with particular reverence or respect
In 1772, von Colloredo retained Wolfgang as concertmaster at a token salary. In this
capacity Mozart composed a large number of sacred and secular works.
Safeguard (verb)
to make safe, to protect
Putin's tough stand was seen by analysts as an attempt to protect Russian interests in
Iraq -- Moscow wants to safeguard its multi-billion dollar debt payments and contracts
signed with Baghdad in existence before the war.
Sail (verb)
to move swiftly through the water through the use of boat
Thorvaldsen Eriksson, son of Erik the Red, sailed from Greenland to the New World
which he had been told about by his brother Leif.
Salivate (verb)
to produce an abnormal flow of saliva–the result of secretion of water in the mouth
Pavlov noticed that the dogs in his laboratory salivated not only when they ate their
food, but also before they had taken a bite.
Sanctioned by (verb)
adhering to beliefs or practices approved by authority or tradition
Many same-sex couples participate in their own ceremonies, sanctioned by their
friends, families and spiritual communities.
Sanctuary (noun)
a sacred or holy place; the state of being protected or safeguarded, as from danger or
hardship
William Faulkner’s written description of the gardens would later be revised for the
closing of his novel Sanctuary.
Sanitation (noun)
the act or process of being readily kept in cleanliness
Nearly three-fifths of the 4.8 billion people in developing countries lack basic
sanitation, almost a third have no access to clean water, a quarter lack adequate
housing, and a fifth lack access to modern health services.
Satire (noun)
a work, as a novel or play, that exposes folly by the use of humor or irony
Political satire, found in newspapers across the US, aims at prominent leaders such as
the president, governors, and leaders of congress.
Savage (verb)
so intense as to cause extreme suffering
During the early 1940's, Germany created many savage labor camps which were not
liberated by the allies until 1945.
Scarce (adjective)
not enough to meet a demand or requirement
Recently, wind power has become an appealing alternative to fossil based fuels,
especially in countries with scarce petroleum and ample wind.
Scarecrow (noun)
an object usually suggesting a human figure that is set up to scare birds
Some farmers put up scarecrows to keep crows from invading their cornfields.
Scatter (verb)
to cause to separate and go in various directions
Immigrants who have recently moved into the United States are scattered among the
50 states.
Scavenger (noun)
an organism that feeds habitually on garbage or dead and putrefying flesh
New research casts T-Rex dinosaurs as little more than a scavenger, hunting out the
kills of other carnivores and stealing them.
Scenario (noun)
a sequence of events especially when imagined; especially: an account or synopsis of a
possible course of action or events
NASA is likely to launch its first space shuttle since the Columbia tragedy in the first three
months of next year that scenario would mean a one year stand down after the Feb. 1
Columbia crash, compared to a nearly three year wait following the 1986 Challenger
accident.
Score (musical)
an arrangement of music for a specific performance medium
In 1971, she wrote the original screenplay and musical score for the film Georgia,
Georgia, and was both author and executive producer of a five-part television miniseries
"Three Way Choice."
Scrabble (noun)
a repeated scratching or clawing
Three fossil skulls recovered from the windswept scrabble of Ethiopia's dry and barren
Afar rift valley lend archaeological credence to the theory that modern humans evolved
in Africa before spreading around the world.
Scribble (verb)
to write hastily or carelessly without regard to legibility of thought
Check the meaning of unfamiliar words if they seem to be key words. In that case, if the
author uses them more than once, scribble a brief definition at the bottom of the page or
at the end of the essay.
Scrutiny (noun)
the act of examining carefully
Despite this fact, the mission had to pass scrutiny from the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration for violations of the space agency's "planetary protection" rules.
Searing (adverb)
at a manner of having damage by or as if by fire
As a large group of Keota’s warriors traveling with their families passed the crater of
Kilauea Volcano, there was a sudden explosive eruption of searing hot ash and gas.
Seaweed (noun)
a mass of growth of marine plants
Many types of seaweed and other plants that do not appear to be green also have
chlorophyll and therefore can convert the sun's energy into food.
Secretion (noun)
a product of secretion, i.e. saliva, from an animal or plant
It is here that the final process of digestion and nutrient absorption takes place from the
two gallons of food, liquid and digestive secretions processed each day.
Secular (adjective)
not religious in subject matter, form, or use
Mozart composed a large number of sacred and secular works.
Secured (verb)
to render certain
Adams helped draft the Declaration of Independence, secured its unanimous adoption
in Congress, and wrote his wife on July 3, 1776, that "the most memorable Epoch in the
History of America has begun."
Sediment (noun)
the matter that settles to the bottom of a liquid; material deposited by water, wind, or
glaciers
The rover, Opportunity, and its sister rover, Spirit, which was launched earlier this
month, will act as robotic geologists during their three months of exploration. They will
send back images of sediment and mineral deposits that can help scientists determine
whether there was ever enough water on Mars to sustain life.
Seek out (verb)
to strive toward a goal; to try to find
As effective as the methods I am about to outline in this lecture are, you are still advised
to seek out for yourself other or even devise new methods to help your flexibility.
Segregation (noun)
the policy or practice of excluding a minority group from full freedom or participation in a
society
On December 5, 1955, five days after Montgomery civil rights activist Rosa Parks refused
to obey the city's rules mandating segregation on buses, black residents launched a bus
boycott.
Selective (adjective)
able to recognize small differences or draw fine distinctions
Sir Francis Galton, a cousin of Charles Darwin, was interested in the measurement of
intelligence because he wanted to increase it through selective breeding.
Self-esteem (noun)
a sense of one’s own dignity or worth
Face refers to the respect that an individual has for him or herself, and maintaining
"self-esteem" in public or in private situations.
Semi aquatic (adjective)
frequently but not living completely in water
As penguins adapted to marine life, their wings changed to flippers and their feathers to
a waterproof covering, hence suiting the birds to a semi aquatic existence.
Sensation (noun)
the capacity for or an act of responding to a stimulus
Cognitive Psychology is concerned with mental processes and their effects on human
behavior and focuses on phenomena such as: sensation, perception, motor control,
attention, memory, learning, language, reasoning, problem solving, and decision
making.
Sentinel (noun)
something or someone that watches over
When feeding in a field, crows usually post a sentinel on a lofty perch to sound a
warning if any danger should approach.
Serendipitous (adjective)
characterized by the faculty of finding valuable or agreeable things not sought for
Until modern methods of oil prospecting were put into place, most oil strikes were
serendipitous.
Set apart (verb)
to make noticeable or different
But every metro area that’s set apart geographically — a Houston, a Denver, and a
Burlington, Vermont qualifies as a city-state too.
Settle (verb)
to take up permanent residence in a certain area
After this incident, the colonists decided to return to Greenland rather than settle in
Vinland.
Severely (adjective)
with a gloomy, harsh manner or appearance
The hot weather in Palm Springs had severely tired the bicyclists.
Sexist (adjective)
having prejudice or discrimination, especially against women, on the grounds of sex
On the other hand, there are those who decry marriage as a sexist and patriarchal
institution that should be avoided at all costs.
Shack (noun)
a room or similar enclosed structure for a particular person or use
They're getting people [as contestants] who watch the show already, not someone from a
shack in Kampala.
Shadow (verb)
to shelter, especially from light
Some scientists have speculated that the polar regions of the moon might have areas that
are permanently shadowed, hence permanently cold.
Shaft (noun)
a vertical or inclined opening of uniform and limited cross section made for finding or
mining ore, raising water, or ventilating underground workings (as in a cave)
Josiah Hornblower came over with the engine to assemble and install it at the mine,
where Schuyler hoped to use it to pump water from the shafts.
Sharpen (verb)
to give a sharp edge to; to improve the intellect of someone
A student who doubles his reading speed sharpens his mind, hence becoming more
mentally efficient.
Sharply (adverb)
Chimpanzees require massive regimented teaching sequences contrived by humans to
acquire quite rudimentary abilities. These contrasts sharply with human children, who
pick up thousands of words spontaneously, combine them in structured sequences where
every word has a determinate role.
Shatter (verb)
to cause the complete ruin or wreckage of; to split into fragments by a blow
By sailing into the New World, Christopher Columbus shattered the belief that the
world was flat.
Shoaling (adjective)
referring to an area of shallow water
Consequently, as the tsunami's speed diminishes as it travels into shallower water, its
height grows. Because of this shoaling effect, a tsunami, imperceptible at sea, may grow
to be several meters or more in height near the coast.
Shortchange (verb)
to give less than the correct amount of change; to deprive of or give less than due
Emotionally and physically depleted caregivers may shortchange their own needs,
risking burnout, poor health and depression.
Short-haul (adjective)
transporting or carrying someone or something over a relatively short distance
Due to the popularity of trains in European cities, airlines are halting or reducing short-
haul service and focusing more on the longer runs.
Showcasing (adjective)
presenting, especially attractively, to the general attention of someone
Denver, showcasing its snowcapped Rocky Mountains and lush vegetation, is one of the
most beautiful cities for this time of the year.
Shrink (verb)
to reduce in size by or as if by drawing together
The neutron star continues to shrink until it finally becomes a black hole.
Shroud (verb)
to cut off from view: obscure
Fog shrouded parts of the California coast between San Francisco and Los Angeles.
Sideshow (noun)
an incidental diversion or spectacle
As irritating as they are, the subsidies, which mostly take the form of government loans,
are a sideshow to the main contest, as Bombardier and Embracer jockey for position in
a market that, while stagnant today, is expected to explode with demand.
Siege (noun)
a military blockade of a city or fortified place to compel it to surrender
Rebels pulled out of the city Friday after a four day siege by artillery and rockets, and
after fighting that left an estimated 500 civilians dead.
Signature (adjective)
describing a tune, musical number, or sound effect or in television a characteristic used to
identify a program, entertainer, or orchestra
The film widely regarded as Wood Allen’s best, with Diane Keaton’s signature role,
“Annie Hall,” plays at 7:30 p.m. at the Academy of Motion Pictures and Sciences.
Sizzling (adjective)
marked by much heat
In July, the Sahara Desert is characterized by sizzling days and sultry nights.
Skepticism (noun)
a lack of conviction or certainty
His continued skepticism, however, shaped his subsequent theological studies at Crosier
Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania, and at Boston University, where he
received a doctorate in systematic theology in 1955.
Skim (verb)
to pass quickly and lightly through
Part of maintaining a pool is to skim the surface daily for leaves, drowned insects, and
other forms of debris.
Skyward (adverb)
moving toward the sky; going in an upward direction
After the countdown, the space shuttle explosively launched itself skyward and
ultimately reached speeds of 25,000 miles per hours while in orbit.
Slab (noun)
a relatively long, straight, rigid piece of metal or other solid material
There are many different types of avalanches, but the one that worries us the most is the
slab avalanche, in which a mass of cohesive snow releases as a unit.
Slant (verb)
to move from true vertical or horizontal
In the Sierra Nevada mountain range, trees growing at altitudes of at least 9,000 feet
slant away from the prevailing Northern winds.
Slender (adjective)
having little flesh or fat on the body
Running five miles day helps to create a slender body.
Slightly (adverb)
with little significance; moderately
Temperature variations on Mercury are the most extreme in the solar system ranging
from 90 K to 700 K. The temperature on Venus is slightly hotter but very stable.
Slip (verb)
to shift or be shifted out of place
Around the margins of the Pacific Ocean, for example, denser oceanic plates slip under
continental plates in a process known as seduction.
Slump (noun)
a period of poor or losing play by a team or individual
Derek Jeter and Alfonso Soriano continued their slumps at the top of the order, going a
combined 0 for 8.
Smack (verb)
to strike so as to produce a sharp slap or blow
At some point in the geological future a large chunk of rock and ice will smack into
Earth and destroy life as we know it.
Smashing (verb)
to deliver a powerful blow suddenly and sharply so as to cause something to split into
fragments
Michael A’ Hearn will lead a team that's planning to find out what's inside comet Temple
1 by smashing into it with a 771 pound copper "hammer" the biggest they could loft into
space.
Smattering (noun)
a small scattered number or amount
Even though only a smattering of digital programming is currently available, digital
televisions will eventually become the norm, as surely as color replaced black and white.
Sober (adjective)
marked by sedate or gravely or earnestly thoughtful character or demeanor
It is almost certain that Earth will one day be hit by an asteroid large enough to
exterminate a large percentage of our planet's life.
Societal (adjective)
relating to society
Over the past 30 years, same-sex couples have sought societal recognition of their
families.
Sociological (adjective)
relating to the systematic study of the development, structure, interaction, and collective
behavior of organized groups of human beings
Sociological research influences the way we think about work and organizational life,
and enables us to discover new knowledge.
Sodomy (noun)
copulation with a member of the same sex or with an animal; non-coital and especially
anal or oral copulation with a member of the opposite sex
Issues still before the court which could be decided Thursday include a Texas ban on
sodomy.
Solidarity (noun)
an identity or coincidence of interests, purposes, or sympathies among the members of a
group
This outcome is a reflection of strong sense of solidarity within the corporate peasant
community, also apparent in the tendency for almost every man to remain within his
village over his lifetime.
Soil (noun)
the upper layer of earth that may be dug or plowed and in which plants grow
The volcanic soil in Hawaii is fertile, and the warm climate makes it possible to grow
crops all year around.
Solder (verb)
to become united or repaired by or as if by a metal or metallic alloy used when melted to
join metallic surfaces; especially: an alloy of lead and tin so used
Responsible for generating all images on your monitor, the graphics subsystem ships in
PCs either as a removable expansion board or as a chip soldered permanently to the
motherboard.
Sooth (verb)
to bring comfort, solace, or reassurance to
A rise in lodging and housing costs pushed underlying U.S. inflation up in May at the
fastest rate in nine months, the government said on Tuesday in a report that soothed
deflation fears.
Soothsayer (noun)
a person who predicts the future by magical, intuitive, or more rational means
An agitated Montezuma demanded that his soothsayers explain the meaning of these
dire signs and was told that they prophesied the destruction of his kingdom.
Sophisticated (adjective)
experienced in the ways of the world; lacking natural simplicity
Even today's most sophisticated forecast models cannot peg mountain convection well
enough to assess how it might trigger storm complexes downstream.
Soundness (noun)
the condition of being free from defects or flaws
To cure means to restore to health, soundness, or normality.
Span (verb)
a specific length of time characterized by the occurrence of certain conditions or events
His career spans nearly all types of popular music from jazz to rock to dance and all
genres between.
Spark (noun)
a hot glowing particle struck from a larger mass
If fires are always suppressed, dense underbrush soon becomes so abundant that a
simple spark can start a fire within minutes.
Spawned (verb)
to give rise to a particular development; to cause to come into existence
A growing trend toward emphasis on neural aspects of various cognitive processes has
spawned what is referred to as the Cognitive Neuropsychology track, with students
studying jointly in cognitive and in clinical neuropsychology.
Specialized (adjective)
designed or fitted to one particular purpose or occupation
One should look for an entry level job, gain experience through internships, and watch
for opportunities of specialized training or advanced education.
Specimen (noun)
one that is representative of a group or class
The live Western Diamondback rattlesnake on display in this aquarium is a perfect
specimen for us to examine in today’s biology class.
Speck (noun)
a small discoloration or spot especially from stain or decay; a very small amount
The other, a composite of four wide angle images, shows the moon as a speck just as it
sets below the Martian horizon.
Spec (abbreviation)
short for specification
From CPUs to RAM to optical storage, we'll break down the jargon--and tell you which
specs are most important to your purchase.
Spectacular (adjective)
an impressive exhibition
Their eruptions are typically characterized by the relatively quiet outflow of very fluid
lava and by sometimes spectacular lava fountains.
Spectrum (noun)
a continuous range or sequence
She continues to produce a wide spectrum of music and is truly a musical treasure.
Speculation (noun)
the act or process of thinking, reasoning, or theorizing
Many speculations exist about the origin and composition of dark matter.
Speedily (adverb)
at a high rate of speed
Anxious to finish since it was the last day of class; the students speedily completed the
exam.
Spell (noun)
a rather short period
A spell of freezing weather before the onset of winter is usually enough to kill any
remaining mosquitoes or larvae.
Spike (noun)
an usually high and sharply defined maximum
In cores from Antarctica and Greenland, researchers have pinpointed the beginning of
atomic bomb testing in the mid 1950s. They have also identified spike representing
fallout from stepped up atmospheric testing that took place just prior to the 1963 Test
Ban Treaty, which allowed for underground tests only.
Splendid (adjective)
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