particular subject or to bring together people who have a common interest.
Henry, I am sorry to have kept you waiting. I just got back from the conference.
Beforehand, adjective
before, ahead, ante, antecedently, fore, forward, in advance, precedent, previous
For example, if you do something beforehand, you do it earlier than a particular event.
That sounds fine to me. I’ll bring chairs over from my office beforehand.
Attorney, noun (attorneys)
lawyer, attorney-at-law
For example, in the United States, an attorney or attorney-at-law is a lawyer.
All the company attorneys are in a meeting now. But a contracted lawyer is around.
Itinerary, noun (itineraries)
For example, an itinerary is a plan or journey, including the route and places that you will
visit.
Do you need a copy of his itinerary?
1500 Words of Advanced TOEFL iBT Vocabulary
Lesson Format
Word, Part of Speech,
Word Definition
Sample Sentence
Absorb (verb)
to occupy the full attention of, for example, to take in moisture or liquid
Therapists who believe in the reality of Multiple Personality Disorder generally believe it
to be caused by very severe abuse during childhood violence so extreme that the child
cannot absorb the trauma in its entirety.
Abandon (verb)
to give up without intending to return or claim again
Vinland was the first European Settlement in the New World but now was abandoned.
Abdomen (noun)
the part of the body containing the digestive and reproductive organs
In the middle of the abdomen lies a 20 foot long small intestine.
Abduct (verb)
to seize or detain a person unlawfully
Child molesters often abduct children within 200 feet of their home.
Abundant (adjective)
something that is large in number.
Discovered in the 1820s, aluminum is the most abundant metal on earth.
Accommodation (noun)
a place where one can sleep such as a hotel or campground.
In Death Valley, we find the national park headquarters and overnight
accommodations in this area, including Furnace Creek Ranch and Furnace Creek Inn.
Accompany (verb)
to be added to another for completion or to be with or goes with another.
Landslides, mud flows and debris avalanches frequently accompany other natural
disasters such as floods and earthquakes.
Accomplice (noun)
one associated with another especially in wrongdoing
Besides the genetic testing, the investigation will examine whether an accomplice
provided Kid with the pistol he used to kill two deputy sheriffs during the escape.
Accumulation (noun)
the result of something increases
A landslide occurs when steep slopes are destabilized by excess water accumulation in
the soil, the addition of excess weight to the top of a slope, the removal of support from
the bottom of a slope, or a combination of the above.
Accuse (noun)
to make a charge against someone who one believes has done a misdeed
John Adams’ innate conservatism made him determined in 1770 that the British soldiers
accused of the Boston Massacre received a fair hearing.
Ache (noun)
a sensation of physical discomfort occurring as the result of disease or injury
The athlete experienced aches in his right shoulder after pitching nine innings in
yesterday’s baseball game.
Acoustic (adjective)
relating to the sound or the sense of hearing
The acoustics of this auditorium are so remarkable that when one drops a pin on the
stage, an audience member can hear it hit the floor while sitting in the back.
Acquisition (noun)
the act of successfully coming into possession of something
In considering the biology of language acquisition, consider that human language is
made possible by special adaptations of the human mind and body that occurred in the
course of human evolution, and which are put to use by children in acquiring their
mother tongue.
Acronym (noun)
NATO, radar, or snafu, formed from the initial letter or letters of each of the
successive parts or major parts of a compound term
The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, known by the Spanish acronym FARC,
was seeking a $3 million ransom for the couple, who had three children, they said.
Activation (noun)
to make active or more active
The learning theory is based on the assumption that although human aggression may be
influenced by physiological characteristics, the activation of those characteristics
depends on learning and is subject to the person's control.
Activism (noun)
a policy of vigorous action in a cause, especially in politics
College president Benjamin Mays and other proponents of Christian social activism
influenced Martin Luther King's decision after his junior year at Morehouse to become a
minister and thereby serve society.
Actualize (verb)
to make real or to put into effect
From another perspective, we can also conclude that the village with the most resources
is able to better actualize the cultural ideal of choosing marriage partners within the
same tribe.
Adaptability (noun)
to act of becoming suitable to particular situation or use
The knowledge of key social factors and a firm grasp on research design and methods, all
of which are learned upon completion of a B.A. in a sociology program, provides breadth
and the potential for adaptability in the workplace.
Adjacent (adjective)
sharing a common boundary
When a customer attempts to book hotel accommodations on the Internet, it is sometimes
hard to find two adjacent rooms at a discounted rate.
Adolescent (noun)
the period between childhood and adulthood
Because girls strongly relate their self worth to their attractiveness, many adolescents
are unhappy with their weight.
Adoption (noun)
the act of choosing a suitable course of action
Adams helped draft the Declaration of Independence, secured its unanimous Adoption
in Congress, and wrote his wife on July 3, 1776, that "the most memorable Epoch in the
History of America has begun."
Advocate (noun)
one that defends or maintains a cause or proposal
Advocates say walk-to-school programs are gaining new momentum from parents and
teachers concerned about a childhood obesity epidemic.
Adverse (adjective)
acting against or in opposition; tending to discourage, retard, or make more difficult
Adverse effects to smoking are lung cancer and an increased risk of heart attacks.
Advisory (noun)
a report giving information (as on the weather) and often recommending action to be
taken
The World Health Organization (WHO), an agency of the United Nations, lifted its
advisory against unnecessary travel to Hong Kong because of the outbreak of severe
acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).
Aesthetic (noun)
showing good taste
The basic aesthetics of television are not that different from those of movies.
Affective (adjective)
that which affects or excites emotion
If a learner has anxiety, the affective filters conducive to second language acquisition
may be closed, thus making the input in the brain incomprehensible.
Affinal (adjective)
A kinsman or ally related by marriage
Elbasi is the richer location and can draw upon wives from more marginal settlements,
from families who seek out more favorable domestic conditions for their daughters as
well as affinal contacts in prominent communities.
Afford (verb)
to make available, give forth, or provide naturally or inevitably: give
If you're willing to spend $300 to $450, consider a 15-inch LCD. It affords the same
viewable area as a 17-inch CRT and takes up far less space.
Agent (noun)
that by which something is accomplished or some end result achieved
Possible causative agents for brain cancer in firefighters include vinyl chloride,
acrylonitrile, and formaldehyde.
Aggregate (adjective)
formed by a collection of particulars into a whole mass or sum, united
A machine travels through a certain path, resulting from the aggregate combination of
the parts moving within it.
Aggression (noun)
the act of attacking
The learning theory is based on the assumption that although human aggression may
be influenced by physiological characteristics, the activation of those characteristics
depends on learning and is subject to the person's control.
Aglow (adjective)
glowing especially with warmth or excitement
Three years later, Thomas Edison announced his invention of the incandescent light bulb,
and on New Year's Eve in 1879 drew a crowd of 3,000 visitors to his Menlo Park, New
Jersey, complex to see the buildings and grounds aglow in the softer light of his creation.
Alarming (adjective)
relating to a sudden sharp apprehension and fear resulting from the perception of
imminent danger
Brazil and Indonesia, which contain the world’s two largest surviving regions of rain
forest, are being stripped at an alarming rate by logging, fires, and land-clearing for
agriculture and cattle-grazing.
Albeit (conjunction)
conceding the fact that; even though
Saliva provides another example, albeit less exotic, of taste modification.
Alias (noun)
a false or assumed name
Similar to past Russian revolutionaries, Joseph Stalin adopted many aliases to evade
arrest.
Alien (noun)
A person coming from another country
During World War II, restrictions were imposed upon many aliens in the US, especially
if they were of Japanese origin.
Alignment (noun)
the act of adjusting to a line; the state of being so adjusted
Due to the car accident, his back went out of alignment.
Allocate (verb)
to apportion for a specific purpose or to particular persons or things
The industries affected -- including oil refineries, steel, cement, ceramics, glass and paper
-- will feel the pinch next March when European Union governments must say how they
will allocate the 2 allowances firms will need to operate from 2005.
Alternative (noun)
the power or right of choosing
Recently, wind power has become an appealing alternative to fossil based fuels,
especially in countries with scarce petroleum and ample wind.
Alter (noun)
the act of changing some particular aspect of someone (i.e., personality) or
something
Various triggers can cause the brains alter to take control of the mental processes of the
victim for periods of time.
Altitude (noun)
the distance of something from a given level, especially referring to sea level
The summit of Mount Everest is at an altitude of 29,000 feet.
Amateur (noun)
one lacking professional skill
It is learned that the impact might produce a sudden brightening of the comet visible to
amateur astronomers with small telescopes.
Ambitious (adjective)
full of strong desire to achieve something
George Washington was well informed, ambitious, and public spirited.
Amid (preposition)
in or into the middle of
Fertile lands exist in the Midwest amid the rolling hills and low-lying valleys.
Amass (verb)
to collect for oneself; to gather or pile up especially little by little
Aubrey Huff had two hits and four RBI's, Marlon Anderson hit a three run homer, and
Travis Lee and Ben Grieve had consecutive homers in a five run fifth for the Devil Rays,
which amassed 18 hits. Every starter had at least one.
Amnesia (noun)
having partial or total loss of memory
Lance suffered from temporary amnesia after his brain surgery.
Analogous (adjective)
possessing the same or almost the same characteristics
Bats' wings are modifications of the hands of the common mammalian ancestor, whereas
flying squirrels' wings are modifications of its rib cage, hence making the two structures
merely analogous: similar in function.
Anatomical (adjective)
resembling the bodily structure of animals and plants
It's clear that these structures are not homologous to the wings of bats because they have
a fundamentally different anatomical plan, reflecting a different evolutionary history.
Ancestor (noun)
a person from whom one is descended
The scientific question is whether the chimps' abilities are homologous to human
language; that is, whether the two systems show the same basic organization owing to
descent from a single system in their common ancestor.
Animator (noun)
one that contributes to the animation of a cartoon
Disney employed many animators during the production of the movie, The Little
Mermaid.
Anomaly (noun)
something different, abnormal, peculiar, or not easily classified
Science-fiction writers may claim to have created warped space and light bending
celestial anomalies, but these are, in fact, actual physical phenomena.
Antagonize (verb)
to act in opposition to; to incur or provoke the hostility of
The summit was further complicated by France and Germany, which had spoken out
against the U.S.-led attack on Iraq, choosing to concentrate on rebuilding relations with
Washington rather than antagonizing it further.
Antic (noun)
an attention drawing often wildly playful or funny act or action
The contestants on the African reality-television program may be divided, but their
antics have united viewers across the continent and in the process created an unlikely
cultural force.
Antiquity (noun)
ancient times, especially before the middle ages
New York, Tokyo, Paris, and Hong Kong are similar to city states of antiquity (e.g.
Athens, Rome, Carthage) or medieval times (e.g. the Hanseatic League), except that these
modern city-states engage in instant electronic communication and capital transfer, and
are the chief recipients of world population growth.
Apartheid (noun)
racial segregation; specifically: a policy of segregation and political and economic
discrimination against non-European groups in the Republic of South Africa
Mandela, 85 next month, received a Nobel Peace prize for his role in guiding South Africa
from apartheid to multiracial democracy.
Apocryphal (adjective)
of doubtful authenticity
More than simply a renowned Mississippi writer, the Nobel Prize winning novelist and
short story writer, William Faulkner, is acclaimed throughout the world as one of the
greatest writers of the twentieth century, one who transformed his "postage stamp" of
native soil into an apocryphal setting in which he explored, articulated, and challenged
the old truths of the heart.
Appalled at (verb)
to deprive of courage or the power to act as a result of fear, anxiety, or disgust
Many voters were appalled at the misconduct of President Richard Nixon even though
they had voted for him.
Apparatus (noun)
something, as a machine, devised for a particular function
The right exercise apparatuses help an athlete to increase muscular strength and
endurance.
Apparent (adjective)
readily seen, perceived, or understood
Many inclusions in diamonds are not discernable to the naked eye and require
magnification to become apparent.
Apparition (noun)
a sudden or dramatic appearance of an object or supernatural being
Mercury, known since at least the time of the Sumerians (3rd millennium BC), was given
two names by the Greeks: Apollo for its apparition as a morning star and Hermes as
an evening star.
Application (noun)
a connection to the matter at hand; the condition of being put to use
A Cognitive Psychology program is especially geared towards the application of formal
and computational modeling and neuroscience methods to these basic questions.
Apprenticeship (noun)
a type of training in which one learns by practical experience under skilled workers in an
art, trade, or calling
A young worker bee’s apprenticeship includes taking care of the queen and her eggs,
cleaning out the hive, cooling the hive by fanning its wings, and attacking intruders.
Apt (adjective)
having or showing a tendency or likelihood
The thesis is apt to be stated somewhere in the last few paragraphs, in which case the
preceding paragraphs gradually lead up to it, or else somewhere right after the
introduction, in which case the balance of the essay justifies the statement and refers back
to it.
Aquaculture (noun)
the cultivation of the natural produce of water such as fish or shellfish
In response to the environmental risks associated with the aquaculture industry, the
independent Pew Oceans Commission has called for a moratorium on the expansion of
finfish aquaculture (including salmon) until national policies and standards are in place.
Aqueduct (noun)
artificial channel for carrying water, sometimes in the form of a bridge supported by tall
columns across a valley
Some of the water takes a different route, at which point it is carried off by an aqueduct
before it reaches the canals.
Archive (noun)
collection of something, especially public or document documents
Frozen archives, or ice cores, give scientists unprecedented views of global climate over
the eons.
Aromatic (adjective)
having a pleasant odor
Used as both a prevention and treatment to many illnesses, aromatic herbs in China
were highly valued in ancient times.
Arrogantly (adverb)
with a conceited belief in one’s superiority to others
Psychics realize that we arrogantly think of ourselves as unique and as more different
than similar, when in fact it is just the opposite.
Artery (noun)
one of the tubular vessels that carry blood from the heart through the rest of the body
High blood pressure is caused by a resistance to the flow of blood greater than that
usually caused by constriction of small arteries throughout the human body.
Articulate (verb)
to put into words
John Adams, in his speeches and writings, articulated the colonial cause and brilliantly
championed American rights in Congress.
Artifact (noun)
manmade objects
Vinland, the first European Settlement in the New World, was not believed to be true
until archaeologists discovered ancient artifacts in 1960.
Artificially (adverb)
the manner in which something is produced by man; not natural
Slab and other avalanches can be hard or soft, wet or dry and can be triggered naturally
or artificially.
Assail (verb)
to attack with harsh, often insulting language; to set upon with violent force
Professor Johnson, accusing the student of blatant plagiarism, assailed the student for
several minutes.
Assassinate (verb)
the act of killing someone for political or religious reasons
It was unfortunate that President John F. Kennedy was assassinated.
Assert (verb)
to state to be true; to put into words positively and with conviction
King sympathized with the student movement and spoke at the founding meeting of the
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in April 1960, but he soon became
the target of criticisms from SNCC activists determined to assert their independence.
Assessment (noun)
the act or result of judging the worth or value of something or someone
The instructor will write comments and suggestions on your final draft, and you may
choose to keep the grade he gives you or you may revise and resubmit it for
reassessment.
Associative (adjective)
resembling someone or something which is united in relationship with another
An example of associative learning is classical conditioning, a form of learning in
which two stimuli are associated so that the first evokes the response that normally
follows the second.
Assume (verb)
to take something for granted without direct proof
Because of this, we can assume that formal instruction has less of an impact on one’s
learning of English as compared with immersion in that culture or society.
Asteroid (noun)
any of the small celestial bodies orbiting around the sun, especially between the orbit of
Mars and Jupiter.
In the late 1970s, James Arnold of the University of California, San Diego, suggested that
impacting comets and water rich asteroids could add water to the lunar surface.
Atheist (noun)
one who denies the existence of a God
Suggesting that there is no concrete proof for the existence of a supreme being, some
people are atheists.
Atmospheric (adjective)
of or relating to air
Turner and Crook are using a finer scale model built by NCAR scientist Terry Clark to
look more closely at mountain convection and how it relates to the larger scale
atmospheric flow.
Atom (noun)
smallest particle of a chemical element that can take part in a chemical reaction
Most of the water was split by sunlight into its constituent atoms of hydrogen and
oxygen and lost into space, but some migrated by literally hopping along to places where
it was very cold.
Atrocity (noun)
a monstrous offense or evil
Even though the gorilla has been attributed to many atrocities, it is usually a peace-
loving creature that would rather retreat than fight its enemy.
Attribute to (verb)
to regard as belonging to or resulting from another
Sulfates, which originate primarily in coal fired power plants, started rising around
1900, which is partially attributed to increased volcanic activity in the Caribbean
around the turn of the century.
Audit (noun)
to methodically examine and review
A recent audit by the inspector general at the Justice Department found ''significant
problems'' with the detentions, including allegations of physical abuse.
Authentic (adjective)
worthy of belief because of precision, faithfulness to an original, etc.
These are not counterfeit dollar bills; rather they are authentic bills printed by the
United States Treasury.
Autobiography (noun)
a written account of one’s life
Mayu Angelou is best known for her autobiographies: All God's Children Need
Traveling Shoes (1986), The Heart of a Woman (1981), Singin' and Swingin' and Gettin'
Merry Like Christmas (1976), Gather Together in My Name (1974), and I Know Why the
Caged Bird Sings (1969), which was nominated for the National Book Award.
Aviation (noun)
airplane manufacture, development, and design
Due to a deep recession and to recent terrorist attacks involving aircraft, the aviation
industry is on the verge of economic collapse, with many businesses laying off 1/3 of their
workforce.
Avalanche (noun)
mass of snow and ice tumbling down a mountain
There are many different types of avalanches, but the one that worries us the most is
the "slab" avalanche, in which a mass of cohesive snow releases as a unit.
Awkwardness (noun)
the state of being characterized by embarrassment and discomfort
The awkwardness of the situation is evident since Alex had to meet with his ex-wife the
day before he was to be married to a different woman.
Axis (noun)
imaginary line about which an object rotates
The Moon's axis of rotation is nearly perpendicular to the plane of its orbit around the
Sun, so the Sun always appears at or near the horizon in the polar regions of the Moon.
Azure (adjective)
deep blue color
The white sand and the azure sky entice many vacationers to Destin, Florida.
Babble (verb)
to talk aimlessly or incoherently
At approximately the age of six months, a child begins to babble, but many of the sounds
he/she makes may not yet carry meaning for the child.
Backed (adjective)
characterized as promoting the interests or cause of or upholding or defending as valid
The U.S. House earlier this year passed a Bush administration backed measure that
would ban both types of cloning. The measure hasn't been acted on in the Senate.
Backsplash (noun)
the act of hurling or scattering a liquid in a reverse motion of its normal path
At the lower end of the esophagus, a one way valve (the esophageal sphincter) prevents
the backsplash of stomach contents upward into the esophagus.
Bald (noun)
without the usual covering
Chemotherapy causes patients to become bald although it is usually a temporary
condition.
Ballistic (adjective)
moving under the force of gravity only
A method of stretching is ballistic which involves 'bouncing' in your stretch.
Balmy (adjective)
not severe, temperate
It is balmy in Paris and the birds and the bees are busy.
Banal (adjective)
without freshness or appeal due to overuse
At a garage sale, what may seem as banal objects to one person may be valued by
another.
Bandage (noun)
a therapeutic material applied to a wound
To stop the bleeding and to prevent infection, the paramedic put bandages on the
woman’s cut arm.
Bard (noun)
someone who writes verse or poetry
Sir Walter Scott, a Scottish hero and bard, published many works still read in college
classes today.
Baron (noun)
a man of great power or influence in some field of activity
Jesse Fish, a native from New York City, moved to St. Augustine where he became
Florida’s first orange baron.
Baseline (noun)
a set of critical observations or data used for comparison or a control
Sales calls made within one state will fall under the new rules, setting a national
baseline above which states can set tougher guidelines if they wish.
Basin (noun)
the region drained by a river system, an area sunk below its surroundings
Sitting just west of the Nevada boundary, in the basin and range district of the Mojave
Desert, Death Valley is all but surrounded by mountain ranges, with a few roads
connecting the valley to the outside world through narrow passes.
Befriend (verb)
to favor, to act as a friend to
Later the Mozart children displayed (1763-66) their talents to audiences in Germany, in
Paris, at court in Versailles, and in London (where Wolfgang wrote his first symphonies
and was befriended by Johann Christian Bach, whose musical influence on Wolfgang
was profound).
Belabor (verb)
to hit heavily and repeatedly
It is not the point of this discussion to belabor the issues of abortion. Rather, we will
examine why women choose to have one.
Berserk (adjective)
in a violent rage, especially to “go” berserk
After finding out that his wife had cheated on him, the murder suspect allegedly went
berserk and shot her five times.
Bestow (verb)
to convey as a gift -- usually used with on or upon
According to tradition, Brigit took vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience in the
presence of the missionary bishop, Saint Patrick, who bestowed on her the nun's veil.
Bewildering (adjective)
difficult to understand or solve: puzzling
From components to software to accessories, new PCs offer a bewildering array of
choices, and for some folks, sifting through the large number of options can be daunting.
Bicentennial (adjective)
lasting two hundred years or occurring every two hundred years
Maya Angelou returned to the United States in 1974 and was appointed by Gerald Ford
to the Bicentennial Commission and later by Jimmy Carter to the Commission for
International Woman of the Year.
Binding (noun)
the act of making fast or firmly fixed by means of a cord, rope, etc.
A properly constructed shoe supports and protects the foot without any pressure or
binding.
Bipedal (adjective)
a two footed animal
Anatomical details indicate that A. anamnesis, a hominid whose remains were
discovered by Leakey in 1995 in Kenya, to between 4.07 million and 4.17 million years
ago, was capable of bipedal walking.
Birthmark (noun)
brown or red mark on one’s body from birth; a naturally occurring mark on an inanimate
object
Almost all diamonds contain very tiny natural birthmarks known as inclusions.
Bitter (adjective)
bitingly feeling or showing unfriendliness
After the government lent the two companies money and gave them large sections of land
for every mile they built, the Central Pacific Railroad and the Union Pacific Railroad
became bitter rivals, with each company laying as much track as possible.
Bizarre (adjective)
departing from the customary
The stars would be moving three times faster across the sky while observers at other
points on Mercury's surface would see different but equally bizarre motions.
Blanketed (verb)
to extend over the surface
One could see what the world was like when ice sheets a thousand feet thick blanketed
Canada and northern Europe, or when the Indonesian volcano Toba blew its top in the
largest volcanic eruption of the last half million years.
Blaze (noun)
the visible signs of combustion (a fire)
Once any blaze begins to threaten human life or property or there is high danger of
wildfire, the blaze is to be stopped or controlled.
Bleak (adjective)
cold and forbidding; dark and depressing
One bleak wintery day, a major snowstorm dumped 34 inches on Buffalo, New York.
Blemish (noun)
something that mars the appearance
In addition to internal inclusions in a diamond, surface irregularities are referred to as
blemishes.
Blend (verb)
to mingle in a way that is not readily noticeable
But other poisonous animals blend into their environments, perhaps because they use
their poisons to attack and disable prey.
Blight (noun)
a deteriorated condition
Think of the inner city and you envision images of physical blight, high crime and moral
decay. But up against that bad news image, there's a good news reality-- and it's
emerging in the heart of the inner city.
Blob (noun)
a small drop or lump of something viscid or thick ; a daub or spot of color
A pink blob indicating above normal fire danger colors the map across eastern Oregon
and southwestern Idaho, and then reaches down the Sierra Nevada through Southern
California and into western Arizona.
Bloodstream (noun)
the flowing blood in a circulatory system
When responding to sudden fright, the human brain releases adrenaline, the fight-or-
flight hormone, into the bloodstream.
Bog down (verb)
to sink or submerge in mud or mire; idiom: to become overly concerned with something at
the point of distraction
Then read the essay over once, quickly, looking for the main idea, for what the essay is
about in general, and for what the author seems to be saying. Don't get bogged down
in details.
Bogus (adjective)
fraudulently or deceptively imitative
Although several successful mining ventures were launched, much of the hype was
bogus.
Bombard (verb)
to direct a concentrated outpouring at something such as missiles, words, or blows
The lunar surface is bombarded with water rich objects such as comets, and scientists
have suspected that some of the water in these objects could migrate to permanently dark
areas at the lunar poles, perhaps accumulating to useable quantities.
Bone (noun)
any piece of hard tissue making up the skeleton
Another benefit of exercising is that it increases bone mass.
Boon (noun)
something beneficial
The tax reduction package passed by congress last year was a boon to middle class
households with annual earnings less than $75,000.
Boost (verb)
to push or shove up from below; increase or raise
Vivendi was also boosted as Moody's Investors Service late Thursday said that it had
changed the outlook on the Franco-American group to stable from negative.
Botch (verb)
to foul up hopelessly -- often used with up
The Maryland inmate claims inexperienced lawyers badly botched his trial.
Brace (verb)
to get ready as for an attack
Emergency officials braced for more rain Tuesday following storms that sent torrents of
mud and water down already saturated hillsides in central Appalachia, forcing dozens of
people to flee their homes and blocking roads.
Branch out (verb)
to extend activities over a wide area; to increase in dimensions, scope, or inclusiveness
In the early 1800's, factories were most common in Massachusetts although they later
branched out into the more populous areas of New York, New Jersey, and
Pennsylvania.
Brand (verb)
to mark with a brand or name
By the mid - 90's Patagonian Tooth fish was a highly prized catch, branded 'white gold'
by industrial long range fishing fleets.
Breadth (noun)
the extent of something from side to side
Regardless of your career path, the breadth of your preparation as a liberal arts major
is very important.
Breakage (noun)
an act, instance, or consequence of making something unusable or inoperative
Homeowners with hillside homes can recognize the beginnings of slope failure through
the following indicators: stairs that have pulled away from the building, widening of
previously patched cracks in driveways, yards creaking and making groaning sounds,
breakage of underground utility lines, or leakage from swimming pools.
Breakthrough (noun)
an offensive thrust that penetrates and carries beyond a defensive line in warfare; an act
or instance of breaking through an obstruction; a sudden advance especially in knowledge
or technique ; a person's first notable success
The possibility of a breakthrough raised hopes for some progress toward peace on the
1,000th day of the current intifada, the Palestinian uprising against Israel.
Breeding (adjective)
characterized by producing descendants directly from the same parents or ancestors
The larval stage of the Rhinoceros Beetle lasts for 2.5 to 7 months after which pupation
takes place within the breeding site.
Brew (verb)
to prepare as beer or ale by steeping, boiling, and fermentation or by infusion and
fermentation
People have been brewing and fermenting alcoholic drinks since the dawn of
civilization.
Brilliant (adjective)
having of showing intelligence, often of a high order
His speeches and writings (especially a newspaper series signed "Novanglus" in 1775)
articulating the colonial cause and his brilliant championing of American rights in
Congress caused Thomas Jefferson to call him the "Colossus of Independence."
Bristle (noun)
a short stiff coarse hair or filament
Caterpillars of giant silkworm moths and royal moths often bear stiff bristles on their
bodies.
Brooch (noun)
an ornament that is held by a pin or clasp and is worn at or near the neck
Even though most people do not believe that birthstone’s affect the wearer’s life, many
still choose their birthstones to be set in rings, brooches, and other pieces of jewelry.
Bubble up (verb)
to become progressively greater as in size, amount, number, or intensity
When it comes to home prices, Bergson does not believe values are bubbling up,
reasoning that prices are being driven higher by income gains as well as a shortage of
supply.
Buffer (adjective)
something serving to separate two items; something acting as a cushion
Georgia was valued by the British as a buffer zone to protect the highly valued
Carolinas against attack from the Spanish in Florida and the French in Louisiana.
Buggy (noun)
a light one horse carriage made with four wheels
Before the invention of the automobile, the horse and buggy was a popular form of
transportation.
Built-up (adjective)
covered with buildings
Crime tends to occur in heavily built-up areas since they are more opportunities for the
criminals.
Bundle (verb)
to make into a bundle or package: wrap; to include a product or service with a related
product
for sale at a single price
Gateway bundled a wealth of blank media for these tasks, including six DVD-R and one
DVD-RAM disc, as well as three CD-RW and five CD-R discs.
Burgeoning (adjective)
to become greater in number, amount, or intensity
Before the mid 1800s, there was no "Dante's View," nor was there a "Devil's Corn Field."
These names were coined by the hustlers and con-men who sought to attract visitors and
investors to this burgeoning mining area.
Burrow (noun)
a hollow place used as an animal’s dwelling
The Western Diamondback Rattlesnake hibernates in the burrows of other small
animals, but is often seen lying in the sun on rocks and on the side of roads.
Burst (noun)
a concentrated outpouring, as of missiles, words, or blows
A sudden burst of recognition came upon Albert Einstein on November 7, 1919, when
British astronomers announced they had found the first confirmation of Einstein’s theory
of relativity.
Butchered (adjective)
relating to slaughtering and dressing for market or killing in a barbarous manner
The fossils include two adult males and one child and are estimated to be 160,000 years
old. They were found among stone tools and butchered hippopotamus bones.
Callisthenic (adjective)
fitness exercises
After doing some boxing style punch drills and after flicking your wrists, you can also do
some callisthenic exercises such as sit ups, crunches, and push ups.
Camouflage (noun)
to change or modify so as to prevent recognition of the true identity or character of
The color pattern of the Western Diamondback Rattlesnake is due to its environment, as
it helps to camouflage the snake in the sand or rocks.
Campaign (noun)
an organized effort to accomplish a purpose
Miguel Cervantes worked to get Barrack Obama elected in the political campaign.
Canal (noun)
man-made waterway for inland navigation or irrigation
Many slow moving rivers feed many canals that irrigate farmlands.
Candor (noun)
unreserved, honest, or sincere expression
Her look of candor depicts a sense or realness to her characters, which is why she is a
talented actress.
Canister (noun)
an often cylindrical container for holding a usually specified object or substance
Mayor Mehmet Ozhaseki said a gas canister had likely exploded in the kitchen, causing
the building's collapse.
Canvas (noun)
a firm closely woven cloth usually of linen, hemp, or cotton used for clothing, sails, etc.
Before the invention of nylon and other synthetic fabrics, tents were made of canvas.
Capability (noun)
physical, mental, financial, or legal power to perform
The evidence seems to overwhelmingly state that there is indeed a critical period by
which learning must commence in order to afford the learner the chance to achieve
native-like capabilities.
Capacity (noun)
maximum amount of work that can be produced or contained
There is a natural decline of physical working capacity with age, but regular exercise
can reduce this rate of decline.
Catastrophic (adjective)
a violent and sudden change in a feature of the earth
Deforestation may have catastrophic global effects as well. Trees are natural
consumers of carbon dioxide——one of the greenhouse gases whose buildup in the
atmosphere contributes to global warming.
Clutch (noun)
a nest of eggs or a brood of chicks
The mother, who has been housed in a tank with a female brown banded bamboo shark
for the last six years, laid a clutch of eggs in April.
Comparatively (adverb)
characterized by the systematic comparison of
phenomenon and especially of likenesses and dissimilarities
The number of words in the English language that have been directly borrowed from
German is comparatively small, most of them having been borrowed in recent years.
Cap (noun)
an upper limit as on expenditures
The allowances will have a monetary value because companies that reduce their
emissions will be able to sell excess credits to other firms that can not reach their CO2
caps.
Caption (noun)
title or brief explanation appended or joined to an illustration
Before you read, survey the chapter, the title, headings, and subheadings, captions
under pictures, charts, graphs or maps.
Captive (adjective)
person or animal that has been taken prisoner or confined
On his way back to Spain in 1575, the galley El Sol was attacked by Turkish ships, and
Cervantes was taken captive to Algeria.
Carat (noun)
unit of weight for precious stones
The weight of a diamond is expressed in carats.
Caravan (noun)
a group of vehicles traveling in a single file
Larger, slower camels are employed in caravans, whereas the faster, lighter camels
serve as mounts for couriers and soldiers.
Cabaret (adjective)
describing a restaurant serving liquor and providing entertainment as by singers or
dancers
Gregg Marx, a direct descendant of the Marx Brothers, performs his cabaret act, “Wet
Night...Dry Martini,” 8:30 p.m. at Feinstein’s at the Cine Grill.
Calamity (noun)
a state of deep distress or misery caused by major misfortune or loss; an extraordinarily
grave event marked by great loss and lasting distress and affliction
British economist Thomas Malthus in 1798 proposed the unsettling theory that
population growth would outrun the ability to produce food. This, he said, would lead to
war, famine, disease, and other calamities.
Canine (noun)
dog
From dawn until dusk, there are dozens of things for humans and canines to do
together: sports, games, lectures, contests, and crafts.
Carbohydrate (noun)
energy producing organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
There are three main food categories: carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
Cardiac (adjective)
of, near, or affecting the heart
Cardiac rehabilitation professionals find themselves increasingly drawn into
discussions about healthcare reform, particularly when it relates to cost containment.
Cardiovascular (adjective)
of the heart and the blood vessels as a unified body system
About one of every two Americans dies of cardiovascular disease.
Cargo (noun)
something carried physically
Cargo-carrying ships docking at the Port of Los Angeles are unloaded each day, and the
goods from those ships contain merchandise which is shipped to businesses all over the
United States.
Carnivore (noun)
any of an order of typically flesh-eating mammals that includes dogs, foxes, bears,
raccoons
All spiders are carnivores, so they eat a variety of insects and will inject enzymes into
their food either before or while they are breaking it up.
Cascade (noun)
small waterfall, especially one in a series
The cascades and rapids on the Kern River are some of the most difficult in California
for kayakers.
Cataclysmic (adjective)
broadly : an event that brings great changes; a momentous and violent event marked by
overwhelming upheaval and demolition
But as such cataclysmic collisions occur on average only once in a million years or so,
are they really worth worrying about?
Causative (adjective)
producing an effect
Possible causative agents for brain cancer in firefighters include vinyl chloride,
acrylonitrile and formaldehyde.
Cavalry (noun)
combat troops mounted originally on horses but most often in motorized armored vehicles
If a member of your party is buried by an avalanche, his only real chance of survival is if
you rescue them; don't go for help unless you're sure they're dead, because they will be by
the time you get back with the cavalry.
Cavern (noun)
a hallow in the side of a cliff, a hill, or beneath the earth’s surface
Sabah, Malaysia is home to the largest cavern in the world.
Cavity (noun)
a space in an otherwise solid mass
Our larynxes are low in our throats, and our vocal tracts have a sharp right angle bend
that creates two independently modifiable resonant cavities (the mouth and the
pharynx or throat) that defines a large two dimensional range of vowel sounds.
Cease (verb)
to bring or come to a natural or proper conclusion, to come to a termination
The lake disappears soon after the rains cease in the spring.
Cease-fire (noun)
a military order to cease firing; a suspension of active hostilities
If those assurances are given, Palestinian officials said, the Palestinian Authority will
accept the cease-fire proposal from the three radical groups and an announcement will
be made in Cairo where the Egyptian government has been instrumental in getting the
radical groups to consider halting their attacks.
Cell (noun)
a small compartment, cavity, or bounded space
In the country's Muslim south, the police arrested three men they said were members of a
terrorist cell that was planning to attack embassies and entertainment spots.
Cellulose (noun)
the chief substance composing the cell walls or fibers of all plant tissue
Starch and cellulose are complex carbohydrates.
Cement (verb)
to join or unite or as with cement
It began in the early 1970s, when lesbian and gay couples applied for marriage licenses,
asked courts to allow one partner to adopt the other, and took other steps to legally
cement their relationship.
Cemetery (noun)
a place for the burial of the dead; a graveyard
Many of the soldiers killed while fighting in Vietnam have been buried in a cemetery in
Washington D.C.
Centrist (adjective)
moderate, not extreme
The Senate bill was centrist enough for Republican Leader Frist and Democratic Leader
Tom Daschle to support it.
Certified (adjective)
to confirm formally as true, accurate, or genuine
A laboratory certified clarity rating of SI2 represents the point at which inclusions in a
diamond are technically not apparent to the average naked eye.
Chameleon (noun)
any of the various American lizards capable of changing their color
Usually, the green anole lizard is sold in pet shops as a chameleon, but actually the true
chameleon and the green anole are different animals.
Championing (noun)
to aid the cause by approving or favoring
His speeches and writings (especially a newspaper series signed "Novanglus" in 1775)
articulating the colonial cause and his brilliant championing of American rights in
Congress caused Thomas Jefferson to call him the "Colossus of Independence."
Charm (noun)
the power or quality or attracting
And whereas a lot of eastern and San Francisco investors lost money, this has become
one of the enduring charms of Death Valley, adding a human dimension to the natural
mystique.
Cherish (verb)
the recognize the value of; to have the highest regard for
Americans cherish the freedom of owning a car.
Chivalry (noun)
respectful attention, especially toward women
Cervantes's book was read as a parody of novels of chivalry until the Romantics
revealed its true importance as a novel.
Chlorophyll (noun)
green pigment found in plant cells
Many types of seaweed and other plants that do not appear to be green also have
chlorophyll and therefore can convert the sun's energy into food.
Chronicle (verb)
a recounting of past events
The Titanic, though largely a fictional romance movie, is believed to chronicle some
historical events of the doomed ship.
Cipher (noun)
a totally insignificant person
Dead due to the extreme cold, a cipher’s body was found in the snow just outside of
town.
Circle (noun)
a group of people sharing an interest, activity, or achievement
An electronic funds transfer system called E.F.T. in banking circles is replacing the
paperwork in banking processes.
Circuit (noun)
a course, process, or journey that ends where it began or repeats itself
The radio talk show host is going a public speaking circuit for the next months.
Circulated (adjective)
something which is passed out
The New York Times is one of the most widely circulated US newspapers.
Civilian (noun)
one not on active duty in a military, police, or fire fighting force; outsider
Scientists and privacy experts who already have seen the use of face recognition
technologies at a Super Bowl and monitoring cameras in London are concerned about
the potential impact of the emerging technologies if they are applied to civilians by
commercial or government agencies outside the Pentagon.
Clad (adjective)
being covered or clothed with
The park, with its glacier-clad mountains and rich growth of trees and flowers, is often
called America's "last frontier."
Clairvoyance (noun)
the supposed ability to perceive things that are not in sight or that cannot be seen
Cervantes's work, a keen critique of the literature of his time, presented the clash between
reality and the ideals which Don Quixote sought to revive, and at the same time
originated the theme of the clairvoyance of insanity.
Clarity (noun)
the condition of being clean and free of contaminants
The value of a diamond is determined by its exact quality as defined by the 4C's: Cut,
Color, Clarity and Carat Weight.
Clash (verb)
to fail to be in agreement with
Larry clashed with his professor over the grade he had received on his research paper.
Claw (noun)
pointed horny nail on an animal’s foot
With its razor sharp claws and powerful jaw, the bear is one of the most dangerous
predators in a forest.
Clearing (noun)
the act of removing the wood and brush from a tract of land
Unaware of the dangers of deforestation, early settlers made clearings, after which
they could plant crops and build settlements.
Clump (verb)
to move heavily; to be of an irregular shape or of an indefinite size
We can imagine a cloud of weakly interacting massive particles clumped around our
galaxy, with the solar system sweeping through this cloud as we orbit the center of the
Milky Way.
Clumsiness (noun)
the act of lacking skillfulness in the use of the hands and the body and grace in physical
movement
Despite the slowness and clumsiness of porcupines on the ground, they are good
climbers because they have long, curving claws on all four paws.
Cluster (noun)
a number of entities making up or considered a unit
Amphibians lay clusters of eggs in bushes in close proximity to ponds.
Cocoon (noun)
a shell-like container
We'd all be a lot kinder and gentler if the driver's seat were lashed to the front bumper
instead of encased in a padded steel cocoon.
Cognition (noun)
the process of knowing in the broadest sense
Welcome to today’s seminar about the Cognition and Perception Program offered
through the Department of Psychology at the University of Michigan.
Coherent (adjective)
logically connected, consistent
The planning stage of writing requires one to put his ideas into a coherent, purposeful
order appropriate to his readers.
Cold-shoulder (verb)
to give intentionally cold or unsympathetic treatment
Asked if he would repeat his anti-Bush message in person, Mandela replied: "You assume
that he is going to meet me. I wouldn't make that assumption. I have said what I wanted
to say and I don't have to repeat it." It was unclear who would cold-shoulder whom.
Collaborate (verb)
to work together toward a common end
Quincy Jones' first major success as a pop music producer came in the early 1960's when
he collaborated with Lesley Gore to create a dozen pop hits including It's My Party and
Judy's Turn to Cry.
Collapse (noun)
an abrupt, disastrous failure
The balance of fusion reactions versus gravitational collapse which occurred in this
little cloud is fondly referred to as a star, and this story is about the birth and life of the
closest star to Earth, the Sun.
Collectively (adverb)
the manner of gathering something into a whole; characteristic of a group acting together
Collectively, these frozen archives give scientists unprecedented views of global climate
over the eons.
Collide (verb)
to come together or come up against with force
Particles within the cloud's center (core) became so densely packed that they often
collided and stuck (fused) together.
Colossal (adjective)
vast, enormous, gigantic, mammoth
A colossal earthquake registering 8.4 on the Richter scale occurred in Alaska in the
1960's.
Colonize (verb)
to found or establish an area which is subject to rule by an outside power
Portugal, France, Holland, and England colonizing the continents now called the
Americas decided to stay and the rest is history.
Comeback (noun)
a return to a former position or condition as of success or prosperity
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has changed the wolf's status from "endangered" to
"threatened" in the lower 48 states. This lack of federal protection is allowing many
western states to wage a war on wolves -- just as they were beginning to make a
comeback.
Combat (verb)
to strive in opposition with force
Once all of the hydrogen is turned into helium, a star will stop fusing hydrogen and will
lose its ability to combat gravity.
Commentary (noun)
critical explanation or analysis
Hits like “Billie Jean” and “Beat It” introduced a darker edge to the music to complement
the serious commentary in the lyrics.
Commemorate (verb)
to mark by some ceremony or observation
Jones said Tuesday at a forum commemorating the 40th anniversary of the event that
Wallace later apologized to her for blocking the doors of Foster Auditorium on June 11,
1963.
Commerce (noun)
commercial, industrial, or professional activity in general
In Roman mythology, Mercury is the god of commerce, travel, and thievery, the Roman
counterpart of the Greek god Hermes, the messenger of the Gods.
Comparable (adjective)
possessing the same or almost the same characteristics
Body composition is the comparable amounts of fat and lean body tissue found in the
body.
Compatible (adjective)
capable of existing together in harmony
The scientific community should take on the responsibility to investigate all objects that
could potentially impact Earth down to the size compatible with available technology
and with the public perception of acceptable risk.
Compensate (verb)
to make up for the defects of
Saville and Dewey aptly call their formula reading The Barnum Effect, which goes, "You
have a strong need for other people to like you and for them to admire you. You have a
tendency to be critical of yourself. You have a great deal of unused energy which you have
not turned to your advantage. While you have some personality weaknesses, you are
generally able to compensate for them."
Competence (noun)
physical, mental, financial, or legal power to perform
The activities and requirements of the cognition and perception program are designed
primarily to develop the student's competence as a researcher.
Complement (verb)
to fill in what is lacking and make perfect
Hits like “Billie Jean” and “Beat It” introduced a darker edge to the music to
complement the serious commentary in the lyrics.
Complex (adjective)
difficult to understand due to its intricacy
Autism is a complex developmental disability that typically appears during the first
three years of life.
Complication (noun)
something that causes difficulty, trouble, or lack of ease
If left untreated, an anorexic person could starve to death or die from complications of
malnutrition.
Compose of (verb)
to be the constituents parts of
Comets are composed of dust and frozen gases that scientists believe are little changed
since the formation of the solar system 4.5 billion years ago.
Composite (adjective)
combining the typical or essential characteristics of individuals making up a group
Disclosing the list ''would give terrorist organizations a composite picture of the
government investigation,'' Sentelle wrote.
Compound (noun)
consisting of two or more interconnected parts
A molecule is a compound or group of atoms.
Compress (verb)
to reduce in size by or as if by drawing together
Less than 5 billion years ago, in a distant spiral arm of our galaxy, called the Milky Way,
a small cloud of gas and dust began to compress under its own weight.
Comprise of (verb)
to have as integral parts
On the east side of the valley is the Armargosa Range, comprised of three separate
units.
Compulsion (noun)
an irresistible, repeated, irrational, impulse to perform some act
People with Multiple Personality Disorder may experience any of the following:
depression, mood swings, suicidal tendencies, sleep disorders, panic attacks and phobias,
alcohol and drug abuse, and compulsions.
Computational (adjective)
describing the process of determining a number or amount through calculation and
through the use of a computer.
Cognitive Psychology is an empirical science and depends on careful experimental
procedures and paradigms to test theories about these mental processes. This program is
especially geared towards the application of formal and computational modeling and
neuroscience methods to these basic questions.
Conceivable (adjective)
capable of being anticipated, considered, or imagined
The community consists of an enormous number of people of every conceivable age,
race, religion, lifestyle, income and opinion.
Concord (noun)
the state of individuals who are in complete agreement
Initially, when settlers migrated west to settle on their own farmlands, there was no
concord with the Native American population.
Concrete (adjective)
having actual reality
There is no concrete proof for the existence of a supreme being, which is why some
people are atheists.
Conditioning (noun)
to make familiar through constant practice or use
Researchers have continued to use the techniques of classical conditioning for both
learning and unlearning certain behaviors or fears.
Condolence (noun)
sympathy with another in sorrow; an expression of sympathy
We would like to express to her majesty and the people of the United Kingdom our sincere
condolences for the loss of the British soldiers.
Conducive (adjective)
tending to promote or assist
Our intense winter storms, high rainfall amounts, and steep terrain area all conductive
to land sliding.
Confluence (noun)
the act or fact of coming together
A confluence of researchers brought about the invention of the atomic bomb.
Conformity (noun)
an act of willingly carrying out the wishes of others
The control theory’s explanation of criminal behavior focuses on the control mechanisms,
techniques, and strategies for regulating human behavior, leading to conformity or
obedience to society's rules.
Confound (verb)
to throw a person into confusion or perplexity
Earlier this week, Fed policy setters elected to trim the fed funds rate to 1.00 percent from
1.25 percent, confounding some market expectations for a reduction of half a
percentage point.
Conical (adjective)
resembling a cone in shape
The conical shaped space rocket was launched into space.
Conjure up (verb)
imagine or contrive
A family is the basic unit in society having as its nucleus two or more adults living
together and cooperating in the care and rearing of their own or adopted children.
Despite this all-inclusive definition, a lesbian or gay couple with or without children are
not the image conjured up when most people create a picture of a family.
Con-man (noun)
one who tells falsehoods in order to get financial gain
"Dante's View" and the "Devil's Corn Field" are names coined by the hustlers and con-
men who sought to attract visitors and investors to this burgeoning mining area.
Consciousness (noun)
the condition of being aware
The Sun Dance was a type of self torture which included a loss of consciousness.
Consecutive (adjective)
following one after another in an orderly pattern
An anorexic girl weighs at least 15 percent less than her ideal weight, has an extreme fear
of gaining weight, and has missed at least three consecutive menstrual periods.
Consequence (noun)
something brought about by a cause
Deviance is seen as a consequence of society's decision to apply that term to a person,
and deviant behavior is behavior that society labels as deviant.
Conservatism (noun)
a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, stressing established
institutions and preferring gradual development to abrupt change
Although he never wavered in his devotion to colonial rights and early committed himself
to independence as an unwelcome last resort, Adams's innate conservatism made him
determined in 1770 that the British soldiers accused of the Boston Massacre receive a fair
hearing.
Conserve (verb)
to protect an asset from loss or destruction
Now that we know what is involved in obtaining water and how quickly it is being used,
everyone must do his/her part to conserve water.
Consistently (adverb)
without variation or change
Long time Death Valley residents say that daily temperatures at Bad water are
consistently higher than those at Furnace Creek.
Consort (noun)
a husband or wife
Prince Albert was Queen Elizabeth’s consort and her first cousin and the nephew of the
king of the Belgians, Leopold I.
Conspire (verb)
to work out a secret plan to achieve an evil or illegal end
Martin’s Luther King’s house was bombed, and he was convicted along with other
boycott leaders on charges of conspiring to interfere with the bus company's
operations.
Constituent (adjective)
one of the individual entities contributing to a whole
If water rich asteroids added water to the lunar surface, most of the water would be split
by sunlight into its constituent atoms of hydrogen and oxygen and lost into space, but
some would migrate by literally hopping along to places where it is very cold.
Constitute (verb)
to put in force by legal authority
The death penalty is constituted by most state judicial courts as a legal force of
punishment for criminals who have committed premeditated murder.
Constrain (verb)
to control, or restrict
Still others are enjoying a higher level of economic prosperity than the average American
and don't feel constrained in any way by a lack of marriage rights.
Consul (noun)
an official appointed by a government to reside in a country to represent the commercial
interests of citizens of the appointing country
Bret Harte served as a consul in Germany and Scotland, after which he settled in
England, where he remained until he died in 1902.
Consultant (noun)
one who advises another, especially officially or professionally
Business consultants often advise their clients to make long term investments.
Consummate (adjective)
supremely excellent in quality or nature
Mozart was commissioned to compose a new opera for Munich, Idomeneo (1781), which
proved that he was a consummate master of opera series.
Containment (noun)
the state of holding back or within fixed limits; to restrain
The government is increasingly drawn into discussions about healthcare reform,
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