8.
Health related and social services
(other than those listed under 1.A.h-j.)
A.
Hospital
services
9311
B. Other human health services
9319 (other than 93191)
C.
Social
services
933
D.
Other
9.
Tourism and travel related services
A. Hotels and restaurants (incl. catering)
641-643
B. Travel agencies and tour operators services
7471
165
C. Tourist guides services
7472
D.
Other
10.
Recreational, cultural and sporting services
(other than audiovisual services)
A.
Entertainment
services
(including theatre, live bands and circus services)
9619
B. News agency services
962
C. Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural services
963
D. Sporting and other recreational services
964
E.
Other
11.
Transport services
A. Maritime transport services
a.
Passenger
transportation
7211
b.
Freight
transportation
7212
c. Rental of vessels with crew
7213
d. Maintenance and repair of vessels
8868**
e. Pushing and towing services
7214
f. Supporting services for maritime transport
745**
B. Internal waterways transport
a.
Passenger
transportation
7221
b.
Freight
transportation
7222
c. Rental of vessels with crew
7223
d. Maintenance and repair of vessels
8868**
e. Pushing and towing services
7224
f. Supporting services for internal waterway transport
745**
C. Air transport services
a.
Passenger
transportation
731
b.
Freight
transportation
732
c. Rental of aircraft with crew
734
d. Maintenance and repair of aircraft
8868**
e. Supporting services for air transport
746
D.
Space
transport
733
E. Rail transport services
a.
Passenger
transportation
7111
b.
Freight
transportation
7112
c. Pushing and towing services
7113
d. Maintenance and repair of rail transport equipment
8868**
e. Supporting services for rail transport services
743
F. Road transport services
166
a.
Passenger
transportation
7121+7122
b.
Freight
transportation
7123
c. Rental of commercial vehicles with operator
7124
d. Maintenance and repair of road transport equipment
6112+8867
e. Supporting services for road transport services
744
G.
Pipeline
transport
a.
Transportation
of
fuels
7131
b. Transportation of other goods
7139
H. Services auxiliary to all modes of transport
a.
Cargo-handling
services
741
b. Storage and warehouse services
742
c. Freight transport agency services
748
d.
Other
749
I. Other transport services
12.
Other services not included elsewhere 95+97+98+99
Note: An asterisk (*) indicates that the service specified is a component of a more aggregated CPC item specified elsewhere
in the present classification list; two asterisks (**) indicate that the service specified constitutes only a part of the total range
of activities covered by the CPC concordance (e.g., voice mail is only a component of CPC item 7523).
167
Annex VII.
The Manual and tourism satellite accounts
1. The present annex briefly outlines the nature and
purpose of the tourism satellite account, as referred to in
the publication Tourism Satellite Account:
Recommended Methodological Framework
a
(TSA),
which has been jointly developed by Eurostat, OECD,
the United Nations and the World Tourism Organization
and describes the relationship between the travel
component of EBOPS as defined in the present Manual
and the concept of tourism as included in TSA. It also
discusses breakdowns of tourism expenditure and their
potential relevance to trade agreements. In the context of
the present Manual, the tourism satellite account
provides an alternative potential source of data that
might be used to estimate a more detailed breakdown of
travel services as defined in chapter III of the Manual.
The tourism satellite account: an overview
2. The present section, which draws from the
introduction to TSA, provides a brief overview of the
nature and purpose of a tourism satellite account, which
is much broader than any measurement of international
tourism that may be derived from the balance of
payments or from the present Manual.
3. Tourism has grown substantially over the last
quarter of a century as an economic and social
phenomenon. However, statistical information on the
nature, progress and consequences of tourism has often
been based on arrivals and overnight stay statistics as
well as other balance of payments data that do not fully
capture the whole economic phenomenon of tourism.
Consequently, Governments, businesses and citizens
may not receive the most accurate information necessary
for effective public policies and efficient business
operations. TSA states that information on the role
tourism plays in national economies throughout the
world is deficient, and more credible data concerning the
scale and significance of tourism are needed.
4. In the past, the description of tourism focused on the
characteristics of visitors, the conditions in which they
travelled and stayed, the purpose of visit etc. Now, there
is an increasing awareness of the role that tourism is
a
United Nations publication, Sales No. E.01.XVII.9.
playing and can play, directly, indirectly or through
induced effects, in the economy in terms of generation
of value added, employment, personal income and
government income. That awareness has led to the
development of techniques for measuring tourism’s
economic impact. Those developments have now been
pulled together in the internationally comparable
framework of TSA.
5. The 1993 SNA provides concepts, definitions,
classifications, accounting rules, accounts and tables to
present a comprehensive, integrated framework for the
estimation of production, consumption, capital
investment, income, stocks, flows of financial and non-
financial capital, and other related economic variables.
Within that framework, a detailed analysis of a specific
type of demand such as that related to tourism can be
presented in an interface with the supply of these goods
and services within an economy.
6. TSA focuses on the concept of the visitor and on
measuring his or her demand for goods and services.
However, visitor consumption is not restricted to a set of
predefined goods and services produced by a predefined
set of industries. What makes tourism special is not so
much what is acquired but the temporary situation in
which the consumer finds him- or herself: the visitor is
outside his or her usual environment, and this is the
characteristic that identifies a visitor as different from
any other consumer. This characteristic of the visitor
cannot be found within the central framework of national
accounts, where the transactors are classified according to
(relatively) permanent characteristics, one of them being
the country or place of residence.
7. To deal with such situations, the 1993 SNA
b
suggests
the use of a satellite account that is annexed to the core of
the System of National Accounts and that to a greater or
lesser extent shares with this core system its basic concepts,
definitions, and classifications.
8. As a consequence, the fundamental structure of the
tourism satellite account is based on the general balance
existing within an economy between demand of goods
and services generated by tourism and their supply. The
b
See SNA 1993, chap. XXI.
168
demand generated by tourism encompasses a great
variety of goods and services, where transportation,
accommodation, and food and beverage services play a
major role. The idea behind the construction of a tourism
satellite account is to analyse in detail all the aspects of
demand for goods and services that might be associated
with tourism within the economy, to observe the
operational interface with the supply of such goods and
services within the same economy of reference, and to
describe how this supply interacts with other economic
activities.
9. A complete tourism satellite account for a country
will provide:
(a) Macroeconomic aggregates to describe the
size and the economic importance of tourism, such as
tourism value added and tourism GDP, consistent
with similar aggregates for the total economy and for
other productive activities and functional areas of
interest;
(b) Detailed data on visitor consumption and how
this consumption is met by domestic supply and imports,
integrated within tables derived from general supply and
use tables of the national accounts, at both current and
constant prices;
(c) Detailed production accounts of the tourism
industries, including data on employment, linkages with
other productive economic activities and capital
formation;
(d) Basic information required for the development
of models of the economic impact of tourism (at the
national and supranational levels), for the preparation,
for example, of tourism market-oriented analysis;
(e) A link between economic data and other non-
monetary information on tourism, such as number of
trips, duration of the stay, purpose of the trip or modes
of transport.
10. TSA should be seen from two different perspectives:
(a) As a new statistical tool, including concepts,
definitions, aggregates, classifications and tables
compatible with international national accounting
guidelines, which will allow for valid comparisons
between regions, countries or groups of countries, and
also make these estimates comparable with other
internationally recognized macroeconomic aggregates
and compilations;
(b) As a building process to guide countries in the
development of their own system of tourism statistics,
the main objective being the completion of a national
tourism satellite account, which could be viewed as a
synthesis of such a system.
Relationship between travel in EBOPS and
tourism in TSA
11. In the present Manual (and in BPM5), the travel
component covers most transactions that take place
between residents and non-residents of an economy in
relation to travel. Other transactions related to travel
activities are included in transportation, passenger
services. A traveller is a person who stays for less than
one year in an economy of which he or she is not a
resident for any purpose other than (a) being stationed
on a military base or being an employee (including
diplomats and other embassy and consulate personnel)
of an agency of his or her government; (b) being an
accompanying dependent of an individual mentioned
under (a); or (c) undertaking a productive activity
directly for an entity that is a resident of that economy.
This one-year guideline does not apply to students or to
patients receiving health care abroad, who remain
residents of their economies of origin even if the length
of stay in another economy is greater than one year.
Travel comprises the expenditures (with the exception of
those transportation services described below) of
travellers in economies of which they are not resident, as
well as the expenditures of those (including border and
seasonal workers) described in category (c) above, in the
economies in which they undertake productive activity.
12.
The EBOPS components of transportation,
passenger services include international transportation
services provided by resident transport operators to non-
resident travellers and those provided by non-resident
transport operators to resident travellers, as well as
transportation services provided to travellers within the
economies they are visiting, where such services are
provided by carriers non-resident in those economies.
13. TSA identifies tourism as “the activities of persons
travelling to and staying in places outside their usual
environment for not more than one consecutive year for
leisure, business, and other purposes not related to the
exercise of an activity remunerated from within the
place visited”, where usual environment generally
“corresponds to the geographical boundaries within
which an individual displaces himself/herself within
his/her regular routine of life, except for leisure and
recreation”. Similarly, a visitor is “any person travelling
to a place other than of his/her usual environment for
less than twelve months and whose main purpose of trip
is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated
169
from within the place visited”. Visitors are further
classified in two ways:
(a) Either tourists, who stay for at least one night in
the place visited, or same-day visitors, who visit a place
for less than one day;
(b) Either international visitors, whose country of
residence is different from the country visited, or
domestic visitors, whose country of residence is the
country visited.
14. For comparison with the concepts of travel and
traveller as used in the present Manual, the focus is on
international visitors. TSA definitions exclude military
personnel on active duty and diplomats and their
entourages in the same way as does the present Manual.
The areas where the present Manual differs from TSA
definitions are the following:
(a) TSA regards students and medical patients in
the same way as other visitors. In contrast, BPM5 and
the present Manual regard them as residents of their
home economies, even when they are situated in another
country for one year or more;
(b) TSA excludes from the definition of visitors all
individuals who move to another economy primarily
for the purpose of earning income and thus does not
include their expenditure in tourism expenditure. On
the other hand, the present Manual includes in travel
the acquisition of goods and services for personal use
by seasonal, border and other workers who are not
resident in the economy in which they are employed
and whose employer is resident in that economy.
However, EBOPS component 238, expenditure by
seasonal and border workers, separately identifies that
expenditure.
15. The present Manual excludes migrants from its
definition of travellers and TSA similarly excludes
migrants from its definition of visitors. However,
following the “one year guideline”, refugees may be
either travellers or migrants (discussed in further detail
in chap. III of the Manual), whereas TSA excludes
refugees from its coverage.
Tourism characteristic products and EBOPS
components
16. An information need of trade negotiators and trade
policy makers concerns the identification and quantification
of product breakdowns of trade in services. TSA identifies
a product breakdown of visitor consumption in terms of a
list of seven groups of tourism characteristic products
produced by a set of tourism industries, designed to ensure
the international comparability of TSA data. For the most
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