Review of Long Term Evolution (lte) Operations

American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) 
2022 
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Fig 1. Evolution of Mobile Communication Network 
LTE has become the most successful wireless broadband technology, providing wireless service to 
over one billion users as of the beginning of 2016 and handling a wide range of applications. LTE has greatly 
evolved from the analog voice-only service it rendered over 25 years ago, to the current stage of development of 
the fourth generation, and heading towards the fifth generation of mobile broadband technology [3]. LTE has 
revolutionized our communication services by ensuring telephony and internet access availability from almost 
everywhere and anytime with extremely fast data speeds for uploads and downloads. LTE enables voice calls, 
data services, video calls and multimedia applications [10] 
LTE uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) for system improvement, such 
as; improved capacity and coverage, improved end-user throughputs, improved user experience with full 
mobility, reduced operation cost, flexible bandwidth operation and seamless integration with existing systems 
[10]. LTE uses an Internet Protocol based core network to achieve a successful network service. Quality of 
service operations are made standard on all interfaces for the purpose of ensuring that the prerequisite of voice 
calls for delay reduction and improved bandwidth can be sufficiently met when capacity limits have been 
attained. LTE system provides a peak data rate of 100Mbps in the downlink and 50 Mbps in the uplink [5]. 4G 
also known as IMT-Advanced was first launched in 2010 to implement the only packet-switching technique. It 
is integrated with one Core Network and several Radio Access Networks (RANs) and provides a complete IP-
based network of 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps speed with a frequency of 2–8 GHz. Since the range of coverage was 
smaller due to high speed, it became necessary to incorporate multiple smart antennas to support long-range 
communication. Good Quality of Service (QoS) and data rates in 4G support services with better clarity; such 
services include but are not limited to Mobile Television, High Definition Television (HDTV) content, Digital 
Video Broadcasting (DVB), Video Chat, Multimedia Newspapers, and High-Quality Live streaming. 4G offers 
ultra-low latency compared to 3G. Long Term Evolution (LTE) and WiMAX (World Wide Interoperability for 
Microwave Access) are the dominant technologies employed by 4G. While LTE offers downlink data rates of 
100 Mbps and uplink of 50 Mbps, WiMAX on the other hand allows downlink data rates of 75 Mbps and uplink 
of 25 Mbps [12]