Claiming the Lion’s Share of the Credit
Although Meyer’s giving strengthened his reputation in the inner circles of show business, he toiled in
anonymity in the outside world. In Hollywood, there’s an easy solution to this problem. Writers gain
prominence by claiming credits on as many television episodes as possible, which proves that the
ideas and scenes were their brainchild.
George Meyer shaped and sculpted more than three hundred Simpsons episodes, but in quiet
defiance of Hollywood norms, he’s only credited as a writer on twelve of them. On hundreds of
episodes, other writers got the credit for Meyer’s ideas and jokes. “George never took writing credits
on The Simpsons, even though he was an idea machine,” Tim Long told me. “People tend to come up
with ideas and jealously guard them, but George would create ideas, give them to someone else and
never take credit. There’s a crucial stretch of The Simpsons over ten years where he’s not credited
with a single joke, even though he was responsible for a huge number of them.”
*
By giving away credit, Meyer compromised his visibility. “For a long time, George’s towering
contribution to what some see as the most important TV show of the period was not as well known as
it should have been,” Long recalls. “He was generating a tremendous amount of material, and not
really getting credit.” Should Meyer have claimed more credit for his efforts? Hogging credit
certainly seemed to work for Frank Lloyd Wright: at Taliesin, Wright insisted that his name be on
every document as head architect, even when apprentices took the lead on a project. He threatened his
apprentices that if they didn’t credit him first and submit all documents for his approval, he would
accuse them of forgery and take them to court.
Yet if we take a closer look at Meyer’s experience, we might draw the conclusion that when
Wright had success as an architect, it was in spite of taking credit—not because of it. Meyer’s
reluctance to take credit might have cost him some fame in the short run, but he wasn’t worried about
it. He earned credit as an executive producer, landing a half dozen Emmys for his work on The
Simpsons, and felt there was plenty of credit to go around. “A lot of people feel they’re diminished if
there are too many names on a script, like everybody’s trying to share a dog bowl,” Meyer says. “But
that’s not really the way it works. The thing about credit is that it’s not zero-sum. There’s room for
everybody, and you’ll shine if other people are shining.”
Time would prove Meyer right. Despite his short-term sacrifices, Meyer ended up receiving the
credit he deserved. Meyer was virtually unknown outside Hollywood until 2000, when David Owen
published his profile in the New Yorker, with the headline describing Meyer as “the funniest man
behind the funniest show on TV.” When Owen contacted key Simpsons writers for interviews, they
jumped at the chance to sing Meyer’s praises. As Tim Long puts it, “It makes me incredibly happy to
extol George’s virtues, even if I’m going to embarrass him.”
Just as matchers grant a bonus to givers in collaborations, they impose a tax on takers. In a
study
of Slovenian companies
led by Matej Cerne, employees who hid knowledge from their coworkers
struggled to generate creative ideas because their coworkers responded in kind, refusing to share
information with them. To illustrate, consider the career of the medical researcher
Jonas Salk
, who
began working to develop a polio vaccine in 1948. The following year, scientists John Enders,
Frederick Robbins, and Thomas Weller successfully grew the polio virus in test tubes, paving the
way for mass-producing a vaccine based on a live virus. By 1952, Salk’s research lab at the
University of Pittsburgh had developed a vaccine that appeared to be effective. That year witnessed
the worst polio epidemic in U.S. history. The virus infected more than 57,000 people, leading to more
than 3,000 deaths and 20,000 cases of paralysis. Over the next three years, Salk’s mentor, Thomas
Francis, directed the evaluation of a field trial of the Salk vaccine, testing it on more than 1.8 million
children with the help of 220,000 volunteers, 64,000 school workers, and 20,000 health care
professionals. On April 12, 1955, in Ann Arbor, Michigan, Francis made an announcement that sent a
ripple of hope throughout the country: the Salk vaccine was “safe, effective and potent.” Within two
years, the vaccine was disseminated through the herculean efforts of the March of Dimes, and the
incidence of polio fell by nearly 90 percent. By 1961, there were just 161 cases in the United States.
The vaccine had similar effects worldwide.
Jonas Salk became an international hero. But at the historic 1955 press conference, Salk gave a
valedictory speech that jeopardized his relationships and his reputation in the scientific community.
He didn’t acknowledge the important contributions of Enders, Robbins, and Weller, who had won a
Nobel Prize a year earlier for their groundbreaking work that enabled Salk’s team to produce the
vaccine. Even more disconcertingly, Salk gave no credit to the six researchers in his lab who were
major contributors to his efforts to develop the vaccine—Byron Bennett, Percival Bazeley, L. James
Lewis, Julius Youngner, Elsie Ward, and Francis Yurochko.
Salk’s team left the press conference in tears. As historian David Oshinsky writes in Polio: An
American Story, Salk never acknowledged “the people in his own lab. This group, seated proudly
together in the packed auditorium, would feel painfully snubbed. . . . Salk’s coworkers from
Pittsburgh . . . had come expecting to be honored by their boss. A tribute seemed essential, and long
overdue.” This was especially true from a matcher’s perspective. One colleague told a reporter, “At
the beginning, I saw him as a father figure. And at the end, an
evil father figure
.”
Over time, it became clear that Julius Youngner felt particularly slighted. “Everybody likes to get
credit for what they’ve done,” Youngner told Oshinsky. “It was a big shock.” The snub fractured their
relationship: Youngner left Salk’s lab in 1957 and went on to make a number of important
contributions to virology and immunology. In 1993, they finally crossed paths at the University of
Pittsburgh, and Youngner shared his feelings. “We were in the audience, your closest colleagues and
devoted associates, who worked hard and faithfully for the same goal that you desired,” Youngner
began. “Do you remember whom you mentioned and whom you left out? Do you realize how
devastated we were at that moment and ever afterward when you persisted in making your coworkers
invisible?” Youngner reflected that Salk “was clearly shaken by these memories and offered little
response.”
Jonas Salk’s moment of taking sole credit haunted him for the rest of his career. He launched the
Salk Institute for Biological Studies, where hundreds of researchers continue to push the envelope of
humanitarian science today. But Salk’s own productivity waned—later in his career, he tried
unsuccessfully to develop an AIDS vaccine—and he was shunned by his colleagues. He never won a
Nobel Prize, and he was never elected to the prestigious National Academy of Sciences.
*
“In the
coming years, almost every prominent polio researcher would gain entrance,” Oshinsky writes. “The
main exception, of course, was Jonas Salk. . . . As one observer put it, Salk had broken the ‘unwritten
commandments’ of scientific research,” which included “Thou shalt give credit to others.” According
to Youngner, “People really held it against him that he had grandstanded like that and really done the
most un-collegial thing that you can imagine.”
Salk thought his colleagues were jealous. “If someone does something and gets credit for it, then
there is this tendency to have this competitive response,” he acknowledged in
rare comments about
the incident
. “I was not unscathed by Ann Arbor.” But Salk passed away in 1995 without ever
acknowledging the contributions of his colleagues. Ten years later, in 2005, the University of
Pittsburgh held an event to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the vaccine announcement. With
Youngner in attendance, Salk’s son, AIDS researcher
Peter Salk
, finally set the record straight. “It
was not the accomplishment of one man. It was the accomplishment of a dedicated and skilled team,”
Peter Salk said. “This was a collaborative effort.”
It appears that Jonas Salk made the same mistake as Frank Lloyd Wright: he saw himself as
independent rather than interdependent. Instead of earning the idiosyncrasy credits that George Meyer
attained, Salk was penalized by his colleagues for taking sole credit.
Why didn’t Salk ever credit the contributions of his colleagues to the development of the polio
vaccine? It’s possible that he was jealously guarding his own accomplishments, as a taker would
naturally do, but I believe there’s a more convincing answer: he didn’t feel they deserved credit. Why
would that be?
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