Dilgam ismailov

“Tiffliskie vedmosti” (“Tatar xeberleri” – “Tatar News”). 
Between 1841-1846 years ‘’Zaqafqazskiy Vestnik’’ compiled in 
Azerbaijan language and “Qafqazin bu terefinin exbari” (“The 
news south side of Caucasus”). 1858 in Shamakhi operated 2 
typographies. Singing (khanande) during this period was 
widespread. It’s the great success was that occurred in the mugam 
(Eastern music) assembly. In this field Karabakh (Shusha) played 
a very great role. In this period one of a prominent xanandah was a 
Sattar. Sattar has affected Irevan and Tbilisi musicial life. On 23 
February 1847 the conductor of Tbilisi theater orchestra a 
famous Italian violinist songed a mugam at the charity concert 
hall. Azerbaijani musical culture history one of the biggest 
achievements was taking note of songs.
In 1817 under the “Darbandli Fatalinin Iran mahnisi” 
(The Iranian song of Fatali Darbandi” ) taken a note under 
the Azerbaijan folk songs. In 1834 taken a note ‘’Galanin Dibi” 

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(“Deep of tower”). In Azerbaijan was developing decorative and 
applied art. One of the prominent representatives of art was a 
Mirza Qadim Irevani (1825-1879). The best example of 
miniature painting was Muhammad Rza Irevani “Recovery of 
disabled” painting work. Between 1848-1851 years during 
the restoration (“Sheki khan sarayi” – “The palace of Sheki 
khans”) of the wall art of Karabakh Ganbar created the level 
of imagination about Azerbaijan decorative art. In 1809 
Muganli Evez’s drawings’ “Kalilla and Dimne” paintings 
are remarkable. In the first half of the XIX century has been 
restored Baku tower walls. Shamakhi was the first chief 
architect of the provincial center. The chief architect of the 
Shamakhi city was a Gasim bay. 

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XIII Theme. Azerbaijan II half of the XIX century. 
1.The creation of capitalist relations. The progress of the oil 
industry. 
2. Agricultural, administrative and judicial reforms in the 
North Azerbaijan 
3.The condition in the village after the reforms 
4.Azerbaijan culture II half of the XlX century 
1.The creation of capitalist relations.
The progress of the oil industry. 
The second half of XIX th in Russia the rapidly
development of capitalist relations also made necessary 
colonies in these process. Included the Russia empire 
Northern Azerbaijani temporary joined total Russian 
markets. In Azerbaijan developments of capitalist relations 
coincided 60
th
years. In this period energy steam and based 
on hired labor a large factory plant production appeared. 
These basically were areas where produced raw materials 
area and mining industries. Separate produced sectors (oil 
extraction, salt-mines, fisheries, workshops and etc) the use 
of hired labor were gradually expand. Russian Empire’s to 
engage in economic conquest has given a huge boost for 
improving of metallurgy, silk and oil production. 
Obligation system, petroleum extraction, uses of forced 
labor by villagers Balakhani, the relatively low demand for 
oil and oil products, deregulation rules on use of oil 
resources were one of the negative factors. In Baku, Sheki, 
Samakhi cities in addition such a kind of manafacturas at 
the Nakhchivan salt mines, Salyan fisheries, Zaylik alum 

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plant had used the forced labor also. In 1864 oil extracting 
enterprises have been wage labour abolished. Afterwards at 
the Nakhchivan salt mines and Zaylik alum plant were 
abolished forced labour of villagers also. Then the mining 
industries started to use of the free hired labor. 
Starting at the 60th years of XIXth century in Russia 
had used from oil in industrial facilities. As a result the 
interest of oil production become more interesting. 
Increased interest in oil products in Baku caused the 
formation of oil refining industry. Thus the first started in 
Baku white oil produced. Thereby 1859 in Surakhani 
Russian capitalists Kokorev and Qubonin built a large oil 
processing plant. The launch of the plant also encouraged 
other capitalists. In 1861 at Pirallahi island the pharmacist 
Vitte of Tbilisi launched the paraffin plant. In 1863 Cavad 
Malikov built the first white oil plant. In Azerbaijan 
German capital was the first foreign capital. German 
company “Siemens brothers and Ko “ in 1865 built in 
Gadabay the first copper- smelting plant. This company in 
1865 in Daskasan has built the first cobalt plant. 1861 in 
Nukha, 1866 in Ashagi Aylis village opened silk factories. 
Unfortunately, in Azerbaijan for a long time from oil has not 
been used effectively. The main reason of this was obligation 
of the oil industry. The businessmen who have taken a long 
time the oil wells didn’t paid money for using new technical 
tools. In 1871 in Balakhani the first oil well drilled and has 
put into operation. In Russian empire the demand for 
liquid fuel was forced them to abolished the obligation 
system.

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On december in 1872 obligation system offically 
abolished.According to this rule the first oil fields was sold 
by auction. Oil fields, oil-bearing land plots passed into the 
hands of the representatives of Russian and foreign capital. 
Among the new businessmen were H.Z.Tagiyev also. The 
imperial government gave oil-bearing lands as a gift the 
retired high-ranking militaries and officials. Among the 
auctions 70th-80th years were Musa Nagiyev, Shamsi 
Asadullayev, Murtuza Mukhtarov. The formation of the oil 
industry local national capital was a decisive role. In 1873 
in Balakhani the first oil fountain increased interest in oil. 
In 1878 in Bibiheybet the first oil well gushed. 
H.Z.Tagiyev’s and Zubalov’s little-known oil fields become 
a very big establishments. Since the 80
th
years to the oil 
industry started to flow Russian and foreign capital. 
In 1879 Swedish businesman Nobel qardashlari (Nobel 
brothers) founded the “Nobel brothers company”. 80th years 
represented by Rothschild's the French banker capital has 
penetrated to Baku. 90th years English capital under the 
leadership of Vishau occupied an important place in the 
industry of Baku. Since 70th years started oil drilling by means 
of a coup. In 1873 the first had used to steam engines for 
drilling of wells. It meant technical innovations in the oil in-
dustry access from the manufacture stage to the factory–
plant production. Balakhani and Surakhani were conside-
red the oldest regions. Sabunchu was the first place at the 
end of the century. In 1878 launched the first oil pipeline 
which connecting oil fields in the oil separation facilities. In 
1880 among mines the first oil and to carry passengers a 
railway station was taken. Since 1878 started to use the first 
tanker-type ships for carrying of Baku oil to the Russian 

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markets. The first oil tanker in the world called “Zoroastr” 
(Zardusht) between Baku and Astrakhan. Between XIX –XX 
centuries Baku was the first place inside the oil extraction. In 
Absheron the developing of oil production forced the oil 
refining industry. To the white oil, lubricants, black oil and 
other oil products increase to need of the industrial pro-
ducts.
In 1873 has been established the Black city plants 
region. Afterwards in Keshla and White city places also 
established factory and plants. Baku became the centre of 
oil extraction and oil refining. In 1884 Baku organized the 
first private capitalists’ “Congress of the oil industry”. The 
organizer of the congress was Council Congress. At the 
Congress representatives of large-scale joint-stock company 
differed. The Council of conference which, dialed with the 
defending of government the interests of the oil industrialists 
and were engaged in the struggle against to the movement of 
workers. In the oil-refining the company of “Nobel 
qardashlari” (Nobel brothers), Caspian-Black Sea Joint Stock 
Company, as well as Shibayev, Tagiyev, Nagiyev, Asadullayev 
and etc. companies were playing a special role. 
İncreased 
production in the oil industry strengthening the process of 
centralization of capital and appeared monopolies.
In 1893 In Petersburg at the councilor of oil industries 
“The union of Baku white oil plants” created a huge 
union monopoly. The result of created the first monopoly 
white oil manufacturers achieved to divide the world white 
oil with the American “Standard OIL” company. 80th -90th 
H.Z.Tagiyev and his company (Ko) in the oil industry 
mines has many manufactures. This company occupied the 

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4th place production capacity among these refinery plants. 
İn 1900 by opening the H.Z.Tagiyev’s weaving factory was 
a progress the way on the one side colonial economy to 
overcome. In 1890 H.Z.Tagiyev occupied the ‘’Caspian‘’ 
shipping society and established his shipping company. As 
can be seen he invested his capital not only on oil industry 
also food, construction even agriculture industry.
H.Z.Tagiyev was the first businessman who destroyed 
colonial nature of Azerbaijan’s economy. Making to work 
weaving factory H. Z. Tagiyev could improve so many 
industry fields in our country. In addition the oil industries 
in Baku, there were also other industries. The mechanical 
plants especially, operating here was related to the oil 
industry. At the city acted ship-repair workshops, steam 
engines, mills which driven by steam engines, tobacco 
factories, food products, construction materials and other 
production facilities were operated. Other regions of 
Azerbaijan and districts capitalist industrial enterprises 
were established far away Baku a long time ago. These 
industry fields were related to the local raw materials. The 
production of copper belonged ”Siemens qardashlari” 
(Siemens brothers) and “Ko” companies. In 1883 in 
Galakend melting copper-copper purification plant was the
first plant in the Russian empire. Azerbaijan non-ferrous 
metallurgical industry and established on the basis of 
Russian and German capital.
The rapidly development of silk weaving industry, 
caused of the progress of silk industry. In the South 
Caucasus region the silk processing industry center of 
Nukha city was called the “Caucasus Lion”. In Azerbaijan 

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was opened the cotton-cleaning plants. In 1882 the first 
cotton–cleaning plant was built in Nakhcivan.The fish 
processing had an important role in the food industry. 
During the 90th year XIXth century, has started to fish 
hunted. In Nakhcivan district rock salt, Baku and Cavad 
districts brackish salt were extracted. There were many salt
lakes inside the disposal of treasury. 80s-90s imported small 
salt affected negative impact on the production of salt in the 
Absheron. In 1883 Tbilis–Baku, in 1900 Bilajari- Petrovsk 
(Makhachkala) railway stations were started to work. This 
way Baku got the exit to the international trade. In 1864 
Tbilisi-Irevan-Nakhcivan-Culfa, A 1868 Baku-Tbilisi 
telegraph lines were put into operation. In 1886 in Baku 
the first central telephone station was put into operation.
For the formation of each nation consist of following 
primary factors: The development of capitalism, the 
creation of a common market, the formation of economic 
and cultural centers, to change in the structure of society, 
formation of bourgeoisie and workers. All these factors are 
equally important to the nation. The formation of nation 
unity of the language,unify of territory, unify of spiritual 
association and necessary of economical relations are very 
important.
The formation of national bourgeoisie in Azerbaijan 
affected the development of national mentality. Sending the 
talented youths to the Russia and European education 
centers was showing its effect.In this study H.Z.Tagiyev 
charitable maecenas had a great role. He opened schools 
and sent so many talanted youths abroad. He was built 
also theatre, mosque and magnificent buildings. H.Z. 

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Tagiyev was a fanatic of his nation. The youths who 
graduated university abroad when they returned back 
helped the establishment of the national democratic 
movement. The representatives of leading intellectuals are 
H.Zerdabi, A.Huseynzadeh, A.Agayev, A.Topchubashov, 
F.Kocherli helped the awakening of the consciousness of peo-
ple and played a great role formation ideological thinking of 
nation’s. They were spreading ideas of turkhism, nationalism, 
statehood, democratize. The “nation of Azerbaijan” the first 
time has been used in the “Keshkul” newspaper.
The second half of the XIX th in the South 
Azerbaijani wheat, cattle-breeding and gardening consisted 
the basic part of agriculture. The second half of the XIX 
century in the South Azerbaijani the main part of the lands
were owned by the state. These kinds of lands called
“Khalisa” and these lands were neglected. 
İn 1886 shah ( 
king) issued an ordinance on the sale of lands’. After this 
ordinance so many people started to buy these lands. Big 
feudals, especially big clergies to get a greater gain be engaged 
the profiteering of grain. In 1898 in Tabriz the cruelty of 
profiteering grain caused the protest of the population. 
Government took from villagers’ as a stable land tax one tenth 
of the product. Besides villagers have to pay ‘’bash pulu” (“cash 
head”), the half-nomad cattle-breeders “serkelle” and for using 
of pastures should pay “gapi pulu” (“cash door”). Elats were 
involved more to the military service as a rule land tax was 
replaced to the military service. 
In 1898 in Tabriz against the profiteering of grain 
under the command of poor woman Zeynab had happened
Zeynab Pasha revolt. The grain storages captured and 

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divided among poor people. To the South Azerbaijan 
village foreign capital, the first stage was a Russian capital 
which had influence different ways. The economy through 
foreign investment was carried out by foreign banks. 
Russian bank “Iran hesab-borc bank” (Iranian credit-
debitor bank) which was operating in Iran while gave local 
landowners and merchants partially khirdamalik villagers 
debits kept them dependent on him. When these debts were 
not paid bank captured possesions of them. 90th years of 
the XIX century the purpose of endure pressure of foreign 
economical capital the representatives of big bourgeoise try 
to merge together. In 1897 in Tabriz founded “Ettehadiyye 
society” the first new unity which was dealing with financial 
operation. Either foreign capital representatives or local 
bourgeoise in South Azerbaijani workers were formed in 
the industrial enterprises. In South Azerbaijani one of the 
important features of formation workers were close rela-
tionships with South Caucasus (especially the North Azer-
baijan) and was inseparably connected with the economic 
and political life of Central Asia. Comprador bourgeoise
built relationships an internal trade with foreign companies 
and helped to brought products abroad into the country. 
Since 80th-90th years of the XlX century Iranian 
industry depends on the South Azerbaijani and it was 
shown distinctly. Here the growth of industry depends on a 
foreign market specially Russian market. During the 70th-
90th years of the XIX century along with a workshop art 
so many capitalists enterprise which were thousands 
workers. In South Azerbaijani production of carpet has 
been widespread. The production of carpet was one of way 
capitalist fields. Azerbaijan carpets willingly have been bought 

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American and England markets. Agriculture and cattle 
products as well as the carpet products were an important role 
in South Azerbaijan’s foreign trade. This type of development 
would cause the growth of the urban population. 
Tabriz was a center of shopping. Through here passed 
caravan roads to the West (Osmanli government), also to 
the North (Russia) South east (the center of 
İran). The last 
year of XIX century imports and exports products to the 
South Azerbaijani Russia played a great role. Almost always 
South Azerbaijani became a raw material and sales market for 
Russian industry. A large part of the population need to the 
South Azerbaijani to earn money went abroad earning one's 
living. A few parts of people went to the Osmanli state 
especially South Caucasus, mainly in the North 
Azerbaijani, along the Volga River and Central Asian. 
In 1891 shah (king) of Iran signed agreement with a 
capitalist Talbot. According to this agreement Iran gave 
monopoly on the tobacco to the Talbot. In 1891 in Tabriz 
against to this agreement happened the “Tobacco rebellion”. 
As a result shah (king) abolished agreement with Talbot (1892). 
2.Agricultural, administrative and judicial reforms in the 
North Azerbaijan 
The government tried to aimed undermine against 
feudal relations in the village. 
İn 1865 was approved the
law of village communities. According to this law created the 
administration of a single village administration which was 
limited rights. The administration of village managed by village 
host. Separate villages which included the village administrati-
on had been managed by his assistants. To this administr-

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ation could be elected peasants who are over 25 years old 
for 3 years. But they should be approved by governor. Ac-
cording to law the supreme body of community was mee-
ting the peasants. The meetings of peasants had authority 
for electing village officials and straighten out taxes. The 
importance of the law on village communities contained 
that in North Azerbaijani baylars (
a group or person in a p-
osition of authority over others, such as a corporate 
employer or the police)
were removed from the 
administrative works.
The North Azerbaijani to get rid of obstacles to the 
development of capitalism Russian authorities was forced 
to the village reform. In 1861 in the South Caucasus the 
abolition of feudal relations created “The South Caucasus 
central reform committee”. In 1861 accordance with the 
approved regulations “About the measuring of the 
Caucasus region” charter started determine peasants’ 
borders of land. It was the first step the preparation of the 
reform. 
In 1866 the second step was the creation of bay 
commissions and reforms preparation in Baku, Susha, 
Tbilisi and Irevan. On 14 May 1870 emperor Aleksandr II 
signed the governors of the South Caucasus and a
regulation of
the structure of the villagers' land. 
İn the 
regulation has been indicated the independent of the 
abolition of feudal villagers. 14 May 1870 according to 
regulation every peasant man over the age of 15 was given ( 
5 desyatin – half a hectare) land. A feature of the new 
regulations in 1847 was that over a land area of 5 desyatin 
was cut the favor of householder. Besides all the 
householders all lands 1/3 part was given right to keep its 

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disposal. One of the features of the limited reform were that 
peasants didnt been ownership of the land. But in the 
regulation had been indicated that villagers had rights to 
use these lands permanent. Peasants could be the owner of 
the land after paying the required fee.
This restriction was a 
manifestation of Russia's colonial policy.
In 1870 the reform of taxes which collected from 
peasants was as foreseen as 1847 regulation. It meant that 
peasants had to give its products of 1/10 parts to landowner 
as a malcahat (Malcahat- was paid especially with products 
and productions of agricultural industry-wheat, barley, rice, 
silk and etc.) 14 May 1870 reforms limited features belon-
ged only possession peasants. In the Northern Azerbaijani 
the peasants, who constituted the vast majority villagers, 
were far from the reform. The (1870) peasant reform was 
attributed to the Quba district in 1877. But Zagatala district 
had to wait until 1913. Despite the nature of the off limits 
colonial these reforms 14 may 1870 was a bourgeois reform. 
These reformations destroyed the feudal relations and 
developed opportunity capitalists’ relations. In addition to 
the peasant reform In the Northern Azerbaijan had been 
conducted court, urban and administrative reforms.
In 1866 in Azerbaijan held in a judicial reform. 
According to these reforms old silk courts had been 
abolished and created unified courts. The meetings court 
was held in open. But the government in the Northern 
Azerbaijani compared to Russia judicial reform has 
unfinished. In Russia all judges were elected but in 
Azerbaijan were appointed Russians. The court meetings 
were held in Russian.

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The Russian government in the Northern Azerbaijani 
held urban reform very late in 1878. The city self control 
was applied the first in Baku. According to regulation city 
departments and elections to the State Dumas silki (group) 
limitations had been canceled. But at the elections was 
applied property right. Every one of the people who lived in 
the city and paid tax could participate in the elections. Due 
to the property of qualification workers, servants and 
intelligentsias couldn’t attend at the local elections. The 
women and under the age of 25 did not had right to