Plan I. Introduction 3 II. Main part 6

Finnegans Wake[]
In 1923, Joyce began his next work, an experimental novel that eventually became Finnegans Wake.^[282][ah] It would take sixteen years to complete.^[284] At first, Joyce called it Work in Progress, which was the name Ford Madox Ford used in April 1924 when he published its "Mamalujo" episode in his magazine, The Transatlantic Review. In 1926, Eugene and Maria Jolas serialised the novel in their magazine, transition. When parts of the novel first came out, some of Joyce's supporters—like Stanislaus, Pound, and Weaver—^[285] wrote negatively about it,^[286] and it was criticised by writers like Seán Ó Faoláin, Wyndham Lewis, and Rebecca West.^[287] In response, Joyce and the Jolas organised the publication of a collection of positive essays titled Our Exagmination Round His Factification for Incamination of Work in Progress, which included writings by Samuel Beckett and William Carlos Williams.^[288] An additional purpose of publishing these essays was to market Work in Progress to a larger audience.^[289] Joyce publicly revealed the novel's title as Finnegans Wake in 1939,^[290] the same year he completed it. It was published in London by Faber and Faber^[291] with the assistance of T. S. Eliot.^[292][ai]

Shakespeare and Company in Paris, where Sylvia Beach agreed to first publish Ulysses
Joyce's health problems afflicted him throughout his Paris years. He had over a dozen eye operations,^[294] but his vision severely declined.^[295] By 1930, he was practically blind in the left eye and his right eye functioned poorly.^[296] He even had all of his teeth removed because of problems related to his eyes.^[297] At one point, Joyce became worried that he could not finish Finnegans Wake, asking the Irish author James Stephens to complete it if something should happen.^[298]
His financial problems continued. Although he was now earning a good income from his investments and royalties, his spending habits often left him without available money.^[299] Despite these issues, he published Pomes Penyeach in 1927, a collection of thirteen poems he wrote in Trieste, Zürich and Paris.^[300]