Polysemy in uzbek and english languages

POLYSEMY IN UZBEK AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES
Mukhtorova Barno Alisherovna
teacher, PhD student, FerSU
Mayusupova Mokhigul Rakhmanovna
4th year student, FerSU
Anotatsiya: Mazkur maqolada Ingliz va O’zbek tillaridagi frazeologik polisemiyaning o’ziga xos xususiyatlarini o’rgangan holda ularning qiyosiy-tipologik tahlili xususida fikr yuritilgan.
Kalit so'zlar: frazeologik polisemiya, leksikologiya, lug’aviy polisemiya, monosemiya
Annotation: This article focuses on phraseological polysemy in English and Uzbek languages after studying their characteristics, their comparative-typological analysis was discussed.
Key words: phraseological polysemy, lexicology, lexical polysemy, monosemy.
Аннотация: В данной статье речь пойдет о фразеологической полисемии в английском и узбекском языках после изучения их особенностей, рассмотрен их сравнительно-типологический анализ.
Ключевые слова: фразеологическая полисемия, лексикология, лексическая полисемия, моносемия.
Lexicology is the study of lexical units of language, as well as polysemous words. Department of lexicology that studies the semantic structure of words and related phenomena called semasiology. Some of the words have only one lexical meaning, some have two or more consists of more lexical meaning. According to this feature, they are divided into two.

1. 
   words having only one lexical meaning, i.e. monosemy
   
2. 
   words having two or more lexical meanings, i.e. polysemy.
   

All language units are grouped into two groups: monosemantic and polysemantic polysemantic language units require special attention. Polysemy is characteristic of both lexical units and grammatical units. Accordingly, polysemy is two type:
I. Lexical polysemy ─ phenomenon of polysemy in lexical units: head 1- "person the upper part of the body from the neck"; head 2- as in "brain" (his head works well).
II. Grammatical polysemy ─ The phenomenon of polysemy in grammatical units: -ga 1-self the added base indicates that the action is the directed object: I stared at my brother; - ga 2- itself the added base indicates that the object is the goal of the action: I took it to my brother such as.
There are two types of lexical polysemy:

1. 
   Lexical polysemy is the phenomenon of multiple meanings in words.
   
2. 
   Phraseological polysemy is the phenomenon of polysemy in phrases: ko’zga ko’rinmoq 1-“tanilmoq”, ko’zga ko’rinmoq 2- “o’ziga e’tiborni jalb qiladigan bo’lmoq”
   

Monosemy is the beginning of a newly created word and a newly assimilated word considered typical of the period of use. Terms are also usually monosemantic. Monosemantic nouns are conditionally included in the list of words.
Each word is monosemantic according to its creation: an object, sign, relation occurs as a name. Later, it serves as a name for other events, that's why it changes its meaning along the way and develops it. As a result, in the sense of the word, there are various shifts happens, therefore, as one of the consequences, a monosemantic word turns into a polysemantic word.
Lexical polysemy is a multifaceted and complex phenomenon. Almost every word has a lexical meaning development requires a concrete, individual approach. Therefore, the definition of lexical meanings and systematization is very difficult. General opinions about the polysemy of the word are usually serves only to create an idea about the development of the lexical meaning of the word.
Polysemantic words can perform or perform the function of another category of lexical meanings
It is divided into two types according to the nature of non-removability:
1) simple polysemantic words
2) complex polysemantic words
The lexical meanings of simple polysemantic words act only as a category to which they belong. They include all polysemantic words related to verbs and pronouns in the Uzbek language. That is the lexical meanings of words belonging to the group of verbs and pronouns do not fulfill the function of another group. This is not difficult to understand if the idea is interpreted in polysemantic words related to the verb group. Because words related to the verb group generally have a unique form in Turkic languages, they are in their pure form does not accept the forms of other categories, and also does not perform the function of other categories. It should be noted that the verb is not in any special form, it is a lexical in the case of a pure verb does not function as another category based on its meaning. If it is one of the characteristic forms of the verb: if it enters the form of an adjective, an adverb, or an action noun, it becomes a different category inevitable. In any case, this is characteristic of the characteristic form of the verb. Words related to pronouns. It should be explained differently that the lexical meanings do not appear in the function of another category. Because the pronoun the word itself is replaced by another word group. His the lexical meanings in its content may be performing a task related to different categories. But they are abstract and do not express the concepts directly, but refer to it. it remains characteristic of the pronoun group due to the fact that it is doing or showing it.
It can be seen that all polysemantic words in the group of verbs and pronouns are simple polysemantic are words.
Complex polysemantic words are observed in words related to adjectives, numbers and nouns. Quality and style
Simple polysemantic words are hardly found among the polysemantic words of the group. Because the words of these two categories almost always mean the same thing, and they exchange their functions will come.
The words related to the number group in the speech perform almost a task specific to the group of adjectives. Derivative meanings is almost typical of the quality category. As long as they are polysemantic words, they are only polyfunctional is observed in the case.
There are simple polysemantic words and complex polysemantic words among the nouns also occurs at the same time. This is certainly related to the nature of the formative affixes of artificial nouns.
For example, nouns made with affixes such as -(i)m, -(i)ch, iston are in a different category does not apply. They always remain simple polysemantic words. Simple for the noun category. Complex polysemantic words are in the same situation as polysemantic words have.
In English, the phenomenon of polysemy is a comprehensive phenomenon, and it is approached in two ways: diachronic and synchronic. The change in the semantic structure of the word requires a diachronic study. Diachronically polysemy means that the word retains its original meaning and at the same time one or indicates that it will have other new meanings.
Diachronic semantic analysis of the word "table" in English, which has a polysemantic feature its original meaning (a flat slab of stone or wood) is in Old English was found to be equal to the meaning of derived from the initial meaning. A synchronic approach to polysemy is the variety of the same word in a certain historical period co-occurrence of meanings and these meanings in the semantic structure of the word is determined.
It is known that the word is the most changeable unit among language units, time over time, its meanings develop, and as a result, new derivative meanings appear around the main meaning will come. Almost every word has its own artificial meanings, in some cases derivative meanings appear as a result of its arrival, the main meaning loses its importance.
The change in word meanings is a hotly debated topic, and there are many attracted linguists. While discussing the meanings of the words, the constant, There are opposite concepts called fixed and variable meanings will come.
Some meanings are characterized by permanence and immutability, while some meanings are characterized by the passage of time. changes with; they appear only in certain contexts and this meaning is recorded in dictionaries not done. The main and derivative meanings differ by their relative invariance, and therefore they also form the semantic structure of the word and are recorded in dictionaries.
The problem of ambiguity is the reason for the most discussion in lexicology is one of the problems. Sometimes it is a separate, independent word from the derived meaning of a polysemous word it will not be possible to distinguish, that is, between the derivative meaning of the word and the main meaning the semantic connection was broken and as a result it became a homonym for the word from which it was formed.
Polysemy is one of the special categories of lexicology. Each polysemantic word is unique. It has a stylistic feature and the analysis of lexical meanings in its content is a lot of research and requires observations.
It is known that the context is important for the meaning of polysemantic words to emerge have Because polysemantic words have several lexical meanings, but in the context it has only one participates with the meaning. A polysemantic word in English, unlike in Uzbek contexts clarifying the meaning are divided into three:

1. 
   Lexical context;
   
2. 
   Grammatical context;
   
3. 
   Extralinguistic context;
   

In the lexical context, lexical groups with which polysemantic words are combined occupy the main place. Of this if we analyze the polysemantic word heavy for It is known that the original meaning of the word heavy is vazni og’ir. But if it is used with a lexical group denoting natural phenomena, the word "strong" meaning: heavy wind, heavy storm (kuchli shamol, kuchli bo’ron). Or heavy The meaning of "heavy" occurs in compounds such as industry, heavy artillery (og’ir sanoat, og’ir artilleriya).
In the grammatical context, the grammatical construction of the text or context is a polysemantic word helps to determine the meaning. For example, the main meaning of the word make is to qurmoq. But his to undamoq, to majburlamoq means only in the grammatical device / to make + have + infinitive / occurs. For example, to make smb laugh, work (biror kishini kuldirmoq, ishlatmoq). Or this the meaning of the word "to become" occurs only in the grammatical construction / to make + adjective + noun / will come. For example, to make a good wife, a devoted teacher (yaxshi rafiqa, fidoyi o’qituvchi bo’lib chiqmoq)
In addition, English also has an extralinguistic or situational context. Sometimes the meaning of a polysemantic word is known both in the lexical context and in the grammatical context it won't happen. In this case, we only have a polysemantic word from the situation in question we can determine the meaning. For example, the meaning of the polysemantic word ring is to give smb a ring in the combination is determined not by the lexical or grammatical context, but by the situational context. The polysemantic word ring has the lexical meanings of circular ring and ring on the telephone. give smb a ring means both give someone a ring and call someone means to do. The exact meaning of the combination is known only depending on the situation in which it is spoken will be. This is an important function of extralinguistic or situational context.
In short, phraseological units in each language have their own linguistic features. But in all languages, phraseological units serve as language wealth. Polysemantic phraseology units serve to enrich the lexical structure of the language and speech and give it emotional coloring embodies the meanings.
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