3- The skeletal is voluntary and striation muscle. It covers the skeleton of the
body.
Cardiac Muscle:-
1- Cardiac muscle fibers are also cylindrical, short, branching, and
involuntary.
2- The terminal ends of adjacent muscle form an end-to-end junction complex
called intercalated disks.
3- The nuclei are oval and centrally located.
4- The arrangement of actin and myosin filaments is very regular.
5- This muscle found in the wall of the heart.
Smooth Muscle:-
1- They are spindle shaped and contain single nucleus in the center.
2- This muscle is no striation and involuntary and found in internal organs.
Exercise No (9)
1- Examine a section of the skeletal muscle using magnification 400X.
Note: Draw the section from the microscope in the box and label the fibers
and nucleus.
2- Examine a section of the cardiac muscle from the wall of the heart using
magnification 400X.
Note: Draw the section from the microscope in the box, label the nucleus and
intercalated disks.
3- Examine a section of the smooth muscle using magnification 400X.
Note: Draw the section and label the nucleus.
Practical No (10)
Nervous Tissue
The mammalian nervous system is divided into two major parts, the central
nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS
consists of the brain and spinal cord. The components of the PNS—the
cranial and spinal nerves—are located outside the CNS. The nervous tissue
consists of two cell types: (Neuron-Neuroglia).
The neurons consist of
1- Cell body: This contains large nucleus and nissl's body.
2- Short processes (Dendrites).
3- Long, single axon.
The neurons classify according to the number of processes are three
types:
1- Unipolar which contain one process divide at the end into two part one
axon and one dendrite.
2- Bipolar, which contains one axon and one dendrite in the opposite poles.
(Retina of the eye)
3- Multipolar, which contains one axon and more than one dendrite. (Spinal
cord)
According to the presence or absence of a covering myelin sheath, the
nerve fibers are divided into two groups:
1- Myelinated nerve fiber, which characterized by the presence of ranvier
nodes.
2- Non-myelinated nerve fiber, which devoid to myelin.
Exercise No (10)
1- Examine a section of the types of neurons using magnification 400X.
Note: Draw the section from the microscope in the box and label the neuron
cell.
2- Examine a section of the myelinated nerve fibers using magnification of
400X.
Note: Draw the sections from the microscope in the box.
3- Examine a section of the non-myelinated nerve fibers using magnification
of 400X.
Note: Draw the sections from the microscope in the box.
Practical No (11)
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The digestive system (Gastro intestinal tract) is a long hollow tube or tract that
starts at the oral cavity and terminates at the anus and associated accessory
digestive organ. The accessory organs are located outside of digestive tract.
The digestive system consist of oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine, rectum, anal canal and accessory organ the salivary
glands, liver, and pancreas.
The tract consist of four layers, they are the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis
externa, and serosa or adventitia.
1- Oral cavity:-
- In the oral cavity the food is ingested, chewed and mixed by saliva for
swallowing.
- The physically broken down process happen in the oral cavity.
- The type of tissue lined the oral cavity it has stratified squamous non-
keratinized.
2- Esophagus:-
- It is a soft tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach.
- It is located posterior to the trachea and in the mediastinum of the thoracic
cavity.
- The mucosa lined by stratified squamous non-keratinized and it is contain
skeletal muscle.
The submucosa consist of dense irregular connective tissue that contains
mucous glands.
The muscular layer consist of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. The serosa
consist of loose connective tissue.
3- Stomach:-
- The stomach is an expanded hollow organ situated between the esophagus
and small intestine.
- The mucosa of the stomach is the dense connective tissue submucosa
containing large blood vessels and nerves. The muscularis externa, exhibits
three muscle layers instead of the two that are normally seen in the esophagus
and small intestine. The outer layer of the stomach is covered by the serosa or
visceral peritoneum.
- According to the type of gastric gland, the stomach is divided into three
regions:
a- Cardia glands: It present between the esophagus and the stomach.
b- Fundic glands: This area consist of four types of cells: mucus, parietal, chief
cell and enteroendocrine cells.
c- Pyloric glands: It is charactrizied by very long gastric pits.
- The function of the stomach start the digestion produced HCL and enzymes.
4- Small Intestine:-
- The small intestine is a long, convoluted tube.
- The small intestine is divided into three parts the duodenum, jejunum, and
ileum.
- The main function of the small intestine is the digestion of gastric contents
and absorption.
- The mucosa of the small intestine consist of the villi and microvilli. These
villi contains simple columnar epithelial tissue and goblet cell. The
submucosa consist of dense irregular connective tissue with mucous glands.
The muscularis of smooth muscle. The outer most layer is a serosa.
5- Large Intestine (Colon):-
- It is shorter and less convoluted than the small intestine.
- The large intestine consist of mecum, colon, and rectum as well as anal canal.
- The mucosa layer consist of simple columnar epithelium tissue. The
submucosa consist of connective tissue, fibers and blood vessels. The
muscularis consist of smooth muscle.
- The function of large intestine are to absorb water and minerals.
6- Liver:-
- The liver exhibits repeating hexagonal units called liver (hepatic) lobules.
- In the center of each lobule it is has central vein, from which radiate plates
of liver cells, called hepatocytes and sinusoids toward the periphery.
- The connective tissue forms portal canals or portal areas where branches of
the hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein and bile duct.
- The types of tissue made of liver consist of cuboidal epithelium tissue.
7- Gallbladder:-
- The gallbladder is a small, hollow organ attached to the inferior surface of
the liver.
- The function of gallbladder is to store and concentrate bile by absorbing its
water.
8- Pancreas:-
- The pancreas is a soft, elongated organ located posterior to the stomach.
- It is lobulated organ consist of exocrine part and endocrine part.
- The exocrine part composed of serous acini (pancreatic acini).
- The endocrine portion of the pancreas are scattered among the exocrine acini
as pale-staining units called pancreatic islets (of Langerhans).
Exercise No (11)
1- Draw the stomach organs from the models in the box and label the parts.
2- Draw the liver and gallbladder organ from the models in the box and label
the parts.
3- Draw the cross section in liver organ from the models in the box and label
the parts.
4- Draw the pancreas organ from the models in the box and label the parts.
5- Draw the villi in small intestine organ from the models in the box and label
the parts.
6- Draw the large intestine organ from the models in the box and label the
parts.
Practical No (12)
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
The blood vascular system consists of the heart, major arteries, arterioles,
capillaries, venules, and veins. The main function of this system is to deliver
oxygenated blood to cells and tissues and to return venous blood to the lungs
for gaseous exchange. The wall of the heart consist of cardiac muscle.
The wall of the arteries and veins divided into three layers:
1- Tunica intima: consist of endothelia (simple squamous EP.T) and
connective tissue.
2- Tunica media: consist of smooth muscle and elastic fiber.
3- Tunica adventitia: consist of connective tissue fibrous (collagen and
elastic).
The main difference between arteries and veins:
1- The wall of the artery is thicker than the vein.
2- In arteries, tunica media is thicker than tunica adventitia.
3- The arteries have small and regular lumen, while the veins have wide
and irregular ones.
The Heart:-
1- Consist of four chambers (Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium and
left ventricle).
2- The heart contains valves between the champers (Tricuspid valve,
bicuspid valve) and contains the septum to separate between the right
and left side.
3- The blood vessels contains (Aorta, pulmonary arteries and veins,
pulmonary trunk, superior and inferior vena cava)
Exercise No (12)
1- Examine a section of the artery and vein using magnification of 100X.
Note: Draw a section from the microscope in the box and labels.
2- Draw the heart from the model and labels the parts.
Practical No (13)
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The respiratory system consists of nasal cavity, pharynx larynx, trachea,
lungs, bronchus, bronchioles and alveoli. The main function of this system is
respiration and exchange of gases.
- The nasal cavity contains a highly specialized cell is called olfactory
epithelium.
- The larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles are covered by Pseudostratified
EP.T, goblet cell and hyaline cartilage.
- The alveoli are the site of gaseous exchange, it is small units of respiratory
system and lined by simple squamous EP.T.
- At the level of bronchioles the cartilage disappeared and is replaced with a
complete ring of smooth muscles.
Exercise No (13)
Draw the lung from the model in the box and make a labels for the parts.
Practical No (14)
URINARY SYSTEM
The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters that lead to a single
urinary bladder, and a single urethra.
- The kidneys are large, bean-shaped organs. Superior to each kidney is the
adrenal gland. The concave, medial border of the kidney is the hilum contains
renal artery, renal vein and renal pelvis.
- Each kidney covered by a dense irregular connective tissue capsule.
- The kidney consist of a dark outer cortex and a lighter inner medulla, which
consist of pyramids, shaped called renal pyramids.
- The kidney contains uriniferous tubule, which consist of nephron and
collecting duct.
- The nephron divided into two components:-
a- The glomerulus (renal corpuscle) surrounded by double layers of epithelial
cells called glomerulus (Bowman’s) capsule.
b-The renal tubule consist of proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Helen and
distal convoluted tubule.
- The ureter Lined by transitional epithelium and consists of mucosa,
muscularis, and adventitia.
Exercise No (14)
Draw the urinary system from the model and labels the parts
.
Practical No (15)
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Male Reproductive System:-
The male reproductive system consist of:-
1- Paired of testes which located in the scrotum. The testes produced the
sperm by spermatogenesis process in the seminiferous tubules.
2- Epididymis: storage the sperm.
3- Ductus (vas) deferens and exit the reproductive system through the
penile urethra.
4- Penis serves as the copulatory organ.
5- The accessory glands,prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and
bulbourethral glands.
Female Reproductive System:-
- The female reproductive system consist of:-
1- Paired of internal ovaries: the ovary produced the ovum by oogenesis
process.
2- Paired uterine (fallopian) tubes.
3- A single uterus.
4- Inferior to the uterus and separated by the cervix is the vagina.
5- The external genitalia consist of labium majora, labium minora and
clitoris.
- The human female reproductive organs exhibit cyclical monthly changes in
both structure and function. These changes constitute the menstrual cycle.
Exercise No (15)
1- Examine a section of testis (seminiferous tubules) using
magnification 100X.
Note: Draw the section of testis from the microscope in the box and make
labels.
2- Examine a section of ovary using magnification 100X.
Note: Draw the section of testis from the microscope in the box and make
labels.
3- Draw the male reproductive system from the model and labels the parts.
4- Draw the female reproductive system from the model and label the parts.
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