Waking the Sleeping Giants
In 1993, a college student named Graham Spencer teamed up with five friends to build an Internet
start-up. Spencer was a shy, introverted computer engineer with a receding hairline, huge glasses, and
an obsession with comic books. Looking back, he says Superman taught him justice and virtue, the X-
Men kindled concern for oppressed groups, and Spider-Man gave him hope: “even superheroes could
have a rough time in school.”
Spencer and his friends cofounded Excite, an early Web portal and search engine that quickly
became one of the most popular sites on the Internet. In 1998, Excite was purchased for $6.7 billion,
and Spencer was flying high as its largest shareholder and chief technology officer. In 1999, shortly
after selling Excite, Spencer received an e-mail out of the blue from Adam Rifkin, who was asking
for advice on a start-up. They had never met, but Spencer volunteered to sit down with Rifkin
anyway. After they met, Spencer connected Rifkin with a venture capitalist who ended up funding his
start-up. How did Rifkin get access to Spencer? And why did Spencer go out of his way to help
Rifkin?
Early in 1994, five years before seeking Spencer’s help, Rifkin became enamored with an
emerging band. He wanted to help the band gain popularity, so he put his computer prowess into
action and created a fan website, hosted on the Caltech server. “It was an authentic expression of
being a fan of music. I loved the music.” The page took off: hundreds of thousands of people found it
as the band skyrocketed from anonymity into stardom.
The band was called Green Day.
Rifkin’s fan site was so popular in the burgeoning days of the commercial Internet that in 1995,
Green Day’s managers contacted him to ask if they could take it over and make it the band’s official
page. “I said, ‘Great, it’s all yours’,” Rifkin recalls. “I just gave it to them.” The previous summer, in
1994, millions of people had visited Rifkin’s site. One of the visitors, a serious punk rock fan, felt
that Green Day was really pop music. He had e-mailed Rifkin to educate him about “real” punk rock.
The fan was none other than Graham Spencer. Spencer suggested that when people searched for
punk rock on the Internet, they should find more than Green Day. When Rifkin read the e-mail, he
imagined Spencer as a stereotypical punk rock fan with a green Mohawk. Rifkin had no idea that
Spencer would ever be able to help him—it would only come out much later that Spencer had just
started Excite. A taker or matcher might have ignored the e-mail from Spencer. But as a giver,
Rifkin’s natural inclination was to help Spencer spread the word about punk rock and help struggling
bands build up a fan base. So Rifkin set up a separate page on the Green Day fan site with links to the
punk rock bands that Spencer suggested.
There’s an elegance to Adam Rifkin’s experience with Graham Spencer, a satisfying sense of
good deeds rewarded. But if we take a closer look, we find an example of just what makes giver
networks so powerful, and it has as much to do with the five years that passed after Rifkin’s
generosity as with the generosity itself. Rifkin’s experiences foreshadow how givers have the
advantage of accessing the full breadth of their networks.
One of Rifkin’s maxims is “I believe in the strength of
weak ties
.” It’s in homage to a classic study
by the Stanford sociologist Mark Granovetter. Strong ties are our close friends and colleagues, the
people we really trust. Weak ties are our acquaintances, the people we know casually. Testing the
common assumption that we get the most help from our strong ties, Granovetter surveyed people in
professional, technical, and managerial professions who had recently changed jobs. Nearly 17
percent heard about the job from a strong tie. Their friends and trusted colleagues gave them plenty of
leads.
But surprisingly, people were significantly more likely to benefit from weak ties. Almost 28
percent heard about the job from a weak tie. Strong ties provide bonds, but weak ties serve as
bridges: they provide more efficient access to new information. Our strong ties tend to travel in the
same social circles and know about the same opportunities as we do. Weak ties are more likely to
open up access to a different network, facilitating the discovery of original leads.
Here’s the wrinkle: it’s tough to ask weak ties for help. Although they’re the faster route to new
leads, we don’t always feel comfortable reaching out to them. The lack of mutual trust between
acquaintances creates a psychological barrier. But givers like Adam Rifkin have discovered a
loophole. It’s possible to get the best of both worlds: the trust of strong ties coupled with the novel
information of weak ties.
The key is reconnecting, and it’s a major reason why givers succeed in the long run.
After Rifkin created the punk rock links on the Green Day site for Spencer in 1994, Excite took
off, and Rifkin went back to graduate school. They lost touch for five years. When Rifkin was moving
to Silicon Valley, he dug up the old e-mail chain and drafted a note to Spencer. “You may not
remember me from five years ago; I’m the guy who made the change to the Green Day website,”
Rifkin wrote. “I’m starting a company and moving to Silicon Valley, and I don’t know a lot of people.
Would you be willing to meet with me and offer advice?”
Rifkin wasn’t being a matcher. When he originally helped Spencer, he did it with no strings
attached, never intending to call in a favor. But five years later, when he needed help, he reached out
with a genuine request. Spencer was glad to help, and they met up for coffee. “I still pictured him as
this huge guy with a Mohawk,” Rifkin says. “When I met him in person, he hardly said any words at
all. He was even more introverted than I am.” By the second meeting, Spencer was introducing Rifkin
to a venture capitalist. “A completely random set of events that happened in 1994 led to reengaging
with him over e-mail in 1999, which led to my company getting founded in 2000,” Rifkin recalls.
“Givers get lucky.”
Yet there’s reason to believe that part of what Rifkin calls luck is in fact a predictable, patterned
response that most people have to givers. Thirty years ago, the sociologist Fred Goldner wrote about
what it means to experience the opposite of paranoia:
pronoia
. According to the distinguished
psychologist Brian Little, pronoia is “the delusional belief that other people are plotting your well-
being, or saying nice things about you behind your back.”
If you’re a giver, this belief may be a reality, not a delusion. What if other people are actually
plotting the success of givers like Adam Rifkin?
In 2005, when Rifkin was starting Renkoo with Joyce Park, they didn’t have any office space, so
they were working out of Rifkin’s kitchen. A colleague went out of his way to introduce Rifkin to
Reid Hoffman, who had recently founded LinkedIn, which had fewer than fifty employees at the time.
Hoffman met up with Rifkin and Park on a Sunday and offered them free desks at LinkedIn, putting
Rifkin in the heart of Silicon Valley. “In the summer of 2005, one of the companies right next to us
was YouTube, and we got to meet them in their infancy before they really took off,” Rifkin says.
Rifkin’s experience sheds new light on the old saying that what goes around comes around. These
karmic moments can often be traced to the fact that matchers are on a mission to make them happen.
Just as matchers will sacrifice their own interests to punish takers who act selfishly toward others,
they’ll go out of their way to reward givers who act generously toward others. When Adam Rifkin
helped people in his network, the matchers felt it was only fair to plot his well-being. True to form,
he used his newfound access at LinkedIn to plot the well-being of other people in his network,
referring engineers for jobs at LinkedIn.
On a Wednesday evening in May, I got to see the panda in his natural habitat. At a bar for a 106
Miles meeting in Redwood City, Rifkin walked in with a huge grin, wearing a San Francisco Giants
jersey. He was immediately swarmed by a group of tech entrepreneurs—some smooth, others
endearingly awkward. As dozens of entrepreneurs piled into the bar, Rifkin was able to tell me each
of their stories, which was no small feat for someone who receives more than eight hundred e-mails
in a typical day.
His secret was deceptively simple: he asked thoughtful questions and listened with remarkable
patience. Early in the evening, Rifkin asked one budding entrepreneur how his company was doing.
The entrepreneur talked for fourteen minutes without interruption. Although the monologue might have
exhausted even the most curious of tech geeks, Rifkin never lost interest. “Where do you need help?”
he asked, and the entrepreneur mentioned a need for a programmer specializing in an obscure
computer language. Rifkin started scrolling through his mental Rolodex and recommended candidates
to contact. Later in the evening, one of those candidates arrived in person, and Rifkin made the
introduction. As the crowd grew, Rifkin still took the time to have a personal conversation with
everyone there. When new members approached him, he typically spent fifteen or twenty minutes
getting to know them, asking what motivated them and how he could help them. Many of those people
were complete strangers, but just as he had helped Graham Spencer eighteen years earlier without
thinking twice, he took it upon himself to find them jobs, connect them to potential cofounders, and
offer advice for solving problems in their companies. Each time he gave, he created a new
connection. But is it really possible to keep up with all of these contacts?
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