Dormant Ties
Because he maintains such a large network, Adam Rifkin has a growing number of
dormant ties
—
people he used to see often or know well, but with whom he has since fallen out of contact.
According to management professors Daniel Levin, Jorge Walter, and Keith Murnighan, “adults
accumulate thousands of relationships over their lifetimes, but, prior to the Internet, they actively
maintained no more than 100 or 200 at any given time.” For the past few years, these professors have
been asking executives to do something that they dread: reactivate their dormant ties. When one
executive learned of the assignment, “I groaned. If there are dormant contacts, they are dormant for a
reason, right? Why would I want to contact them?”
But the evidence tells a different story. In one study, Levin and colleagues asked more than two
hundred executives to reactivate ties that had been dormant for a minimum of three years. Each
executive reached out to two former colleagues and sought advice on an ongoing work project. After
receiving the advice, they rated its value: to what extent did it help them solve problems and gain
useful referrals? They also rated the advice that they received from two current contacts on the same
project. Surprisingly, the executives rated the advice from the dormant ties as contributing more value
than the advice from the current ties. Why?
The dormant ties provided more novel information than the current contacts. Over the past few
years, while they were out of touch, they had been exposed to new ideas and perspectives. The
current contacts were more likely to share the knowledge base and viewpoint that the executives
already possessed. One executive commented that “before contacting them I thought that they would
not have too much to provide beyond what I had already thought, but I was proved wrong. I was very
surprised by the fresh ideas.”
Dormant ties offer the access to novel information that weak ties afford, but without the
discomfort. As Levin and colleagues explain, “reconnecting a dormant relationship is not like starting
a relationship from scratch. When people reconnect, they still have feelings of trust.” An executive
divulged that “I feel comfortable . . . I didn’t need to guess what his intentions were . . . there was
mutual trust that we built years ago that made our conversation today smoother.” Reactivating a
dormant tie actually required a shorter conversation, since there was already some common ground.
The executives didn’t need to invest in building a relationship from the start with their dormant ties,
as they would with weak ties.
Levin and colleagues asked another group of more than one hundred executives to identify ten
dormant ties and rank them in order of the likely value they would provide. The executives then
reactivated all ten dormant ties and rated the value of the conversations. All ten dormant ties
provided high value, and there were no differences by rank: the executives got just as much value
from their tenth choice as from their first choice. When we need new information, we may run out of
weak ties quickly, but we have a large pool of dormant ties that prove to be helpful. And the older we
get, the more dormant ties we have, and the more valuable they become. Levin and colleagues found
that people in their forties and fifties received more value from reactivating dormant ties than people
in their thirties, who in turn benefited more than people in their twenties. The executive who groaned
about reconnecting admitted that it “has been eye-opening for me . . . it has shown me how much
potential I have in my Rolodex.”
Dormant ties are the neglected value in our networks, and givers have a distinctive edge over
takers and matchers in unlocking this value. For takers, reactivating dormant ties is a challenge. If the
dormant ties are fellow takers, they’ll be suspicious and self-protective, withholding novel
information. If the dormant ties are matchers, they may be motivated to punish takers, as we saw in the
ultimatum game. If the dormant ties are smart givers, as you’ll see later in this book, they won’t be so
willing to help takers. And of course, if a taker’s self-serving actions were what caused a tie to
become dormant in the first place, it may be impossible to revive the relationship at all.
Matchers have a much easier time reconnecting, but they’re often uncomfortable reaching out for
help because of their fidelity to the norm of reciprocity. When they ask for a favor, they feel that
they’ll owe one back. If they’re already indebted to the dormant tie and haven’t yet evened the score,
it’s doubly difficult to ask. And for many matchers, dormant ties haven’t built up a deep reservoir of
trust, since they’ve been more like transactional exchanges than meaningful relationships.
According to networking experts, reconnecting is a totally different experience for givers,
especially in a wired world. Givers have a track record of generously sharing their knowledge,
teaching us their skills, and helping us find jobs without worrying about what’s in it for them, so
we’re glad to help them when they get back in touch with us. Today, Adam Rifkin spends less time
networking with new people than he did earlier in his career, focusing instead on a growing number
of dormant ties. “Now my time is spent going back to people who I haven’t talked to in a while.”
When he reactivates one of his many dormant ties, the contact is usually thrilled to hear from him. His
generosity and kindness have earned their trust. They’re grateful for his help, and they know it didn’t
come with strings attached; he’s always willing to share his knowledge, offer advice, or make an
introduction. In 2006, Rifkin was looking for a dynamite speaker for a 106 Miles meeting. He
reconnected with Evan Williams, and although Williams had become famous and was extremely busy
with the launch of Twitter, he agreed. “Five years later, when we asked him to speak to the group, he
never forgot,” Rifkin says.
The type of goodwill that givers like Rifkin build is the subject of fascinating research.
Traditionally, social network researchers map information exchange: the flows of knowledge from
person to person. But when Wayne Baker collaborated with University of Virginia professor Rob
Cross and IBM’s Andrew Parker, he realized that it was also possible to track the flows of
energy
through networks
. In a range of organizations, employees rated their interactions with one another on
a scale from strongly de-energizing to strongly energizing. The researchers created an energy network
map, which looked like a model of a galaxy.
The takers were black holes. They sucked the energy from those around them. The givers were
suns: they injected light around the organization. Givers created opportunities for their colleagues to
contribute, rather than imposing their ideas and hogging credit for achievements. When they disagreed
with suggestions, givers showed respect for the people who spoke up, rather than belittling them.
If you mapped energy in Adam Rifkin’s network, you’d find that he looks like the sun in many
different solar systems. Several years ago at a holiday party, Rifkin met a struggling entrepreneur
named Raymond Rouf. They started chatting, and Rifkin gave him some feedback. Six months later,
Rouf was working on a new start-up and reached out to Rifkin for advice. Rifkin replied the same day
and set up a breakfast for the next morning, where he spent two hours giving more feedback to Rouf.
A few months later, they crossed paths again. Rouf had gone two years without an income, and the
plumbing in his house wasn’t working, so he bought a gym membership just to shower there. He ran
into Rifkin, who asked how the start-up was going and offered some invaluable insights about how to
reposition his company. Rifkin then proceeded to introduce Rouf to a venture capitalist, who ended up
funding his company and becoming a board member. “The two of them would have meetings about
me, to discuss how they could help me,” Rouf says. Rouf’s company, GraphScience, has become one
of the top Facebook analytics companies in the world—and he says it never would have happened
without Rifkin’s help.
Rifkin has even managed to light up projects for a Hollywood writer/director. As you’ll see in
chapter 8, they met because Rifkin shared his contact information openly on the Internet. In a casual
conversation, the Hollywood director mentioned that he had just finished production on a Showtime
series and asked Rifkin for help. “Although he is quite successful in his chosen field, I didn’t put too
much credence in his skill as a Hollywood publicist,” says the director. “Boy was I wrong!” Within
twenty-four hours, Rifkin set up meetings and private screenings of the show with top-ranking
executives at Twitter and YouTube. The Hollywood contact explains:
It’s important to emphasize: Adam had absolutely no stake in my show’s success.
Sink or swim, he wouldn’t benefit or suffer either way. But true to his genuine joy
of giving, he went out of his way to introduce us to countless media
opportunities. When the dust had settled, he was singlehandedly responsible for
positive and glowing articles in countless national media outlets as well as
incredible social media publicity. In the end, his generosity was more far
reaching and far more effective than our show’s highly paid Hollywood publicist.
As a result, the show enjoyed the highest ratings ever received in its time slot in
Showtime’s history! Showtime, so impressed with our modest show’s numbers,
has already given the green light to another series. His generosity is responsible
for the show being a hit and Showtime saying yes to my current series.
For someone who gives off these vibes and inspires such goodwill, reconnecting is an energizing
experience. Think back to the 265 people for whom Rifkin has written LinkedIn recommendations, or
the hundreds of entrepreneurs he helps in 106 Miles. It’s not a stretch to imagine that every one of
them will be enthusiastic about reconnecting with Rifkin, and helping him out, if they happen to lose
touch.
But Adam Rifkin isn’t after their help—at least not for himself. Rifkin’s real aim is to change our
fundamental ideas about how we build our networks and who should benefit from them. He believes
that we should see networks as a vehicle for creating value for everyone, not just claiming it for
ourselves. And he is convinced that this giver approach to networking can uproot the traditional norm
of reciprocity in a manner that’s highly productive for all involved.
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