Otherish Choices: Chunking, Sprinkling, and the 100-Hour Rule of Volunteering
We discussed otherish behavior at the beginning of this chapter, and in both Conrey’s example and
that of the fund-raising callers, the distinction between selfless givers and otherish givers begins to
come into play. In these contexts, decisions about how, where, and how much to give clearly make a
difference when it comes to burning out or firing up. It might seem that by giving more, Conrey was
being selfless. But what she actually did was create an opportunity for giving that was also personally
rewarding, drawing energy from the visible impact of her contributions. To be more selfless, in this
case, would have meant giving even more at school, where endless help was needed, but where she
felt limited in her ability to make a difference. Instead, Conrey thought more about her own well-
being and found a way to improve it by giving in a new way.
That choice has real consequences for givers. In numerous studies, Carnegie Mellon psychologist
Vicki Helgeson has found that when people
give continually without concern for their own well-
being
, they’re at risk for poor mental and physical health.
*
Yet when they give in a more otherish
fashion, demonstrating substantial concern for themselves as well as others, they no longer experience
health costs. In one study, people who maintained equilibrium between benefiting themselves and
others even achieved significant increases in happiness and life satisfaction over a six-month period.
*
To gain a deeper understanding of otherish and selfless givers, it’s worth looking more closely at
the decisions they make about when and how much to give. It turns out that Conrey’s giving helped her
avoid burnout not only due to the variety but also because of how she planned it.
Imagine that you’re going to perform five
random acts of kindness
this week. You’ll be doing
things like helping a friend with a project, writing a thank-you note to a former teacher, donating
blood, and visiting an elderly relative. You can choose one of two different ways to organize your
giving: chunking or sprinkling. If you’re a chunker, you’ll pack all five acts of giving into a single day
each week. If you’re a sprinkler, you’ll distribute your giving evenly across five different days, so
that you give a little bit each day. Which do you think would make you happier: chunking or
sprinkling?
In this study, led by the psychologist Sonja Lyubomirsky, people performed five random acts of
kindness every week for six weeks. They were randomly divided into two groups: half chunked their
giving into a single day each week, and the other half sprinkled it across all five days each week. At
the end of the six weeks, despite performing the same number of helping acts, only one group felt
significantly happier.
The chunkers achieved gains in happiness; the sprinklers didn’t. Happiness increased when
people performed all five giving acts in a single day, rather than doing one a day. Lyubomirsky and
colleagues speculate that “spreading them over the course of a week might have diminished their
salience and power or made them less distinguishable from participants’ habitual kind behavior.”
Like the participants who became happier, Conrey was a chunker. At Minds Matter, Conrey
packed her volunteering into one day a week, giving all five weekly hours of mentoring high school
students on Saturdays. By chunking her giving into weekly blocks, she was able to experience her
impact more vividly, leading her efforts to feel like “more than a drop in the bucket.”
Chunking giving is an otherish strategy. Instead of mentoring students after school, when she was
already exhausted, Conrey reserved it for the weekend, when her energy was recharged and it was
more convenient in her schedule. In contrast, selfless givers are more inclined to sprinkle their giving
throughout their days, helping whenever people need them. This can become highly distracting and
exhausting, robbing selfless givers of the attention and energy necessary to complete their own work.
One September, seventeen
software engineers
at a Fortune 500 company were charged with
developing code for a major new product. It was a color laser printer that would sell for 10 percent
of the cost of other products on the market. If it succeeded, the company would be a dominant player
in the market and could release an entire family of products to follow the printer. The division was
losing money rapidly, and if the printer wasn’t ready on time, the division would fold. To finish the
project, the engineers were working nights and weekends, but they were still behind schedule. The
odds were against them: only once in the division’s history had a product been launched on time.
They were “stressed” and “exhausted,” writes Harvard professor Leslie Perlow, with “insufficient
time to meet all the demands on them.”
The engineers had fallen into a pattern of selfless giving: they were constantly helping their
colleagues solve problems. One engineer reported that “The biggest frustration of my job is always
having to help others and not getting my own work done”; another lamented that “The problem with
my work style is that responsiveness breeds more need for responsiveness, and I am so busy
responding, I cannot get my own work done.” On a typical day, an engineer named Andy worked from
8:00
A.M.
until 8:15
P.M.
It wasn’t until after 5:00
P.M.
that Andy found a block of time longer than
twenty minutes to work on his core task. In the hopes of carving out time to get their own work done,
engineers like Andy began arriving at work early in the morning and staying late at night. This was a
short-lived solution: as more engineers burned the midnight oil, the interruptions occurred around the
clock. The engineers were giving more time without making more progress, and it was exhausting.
Perlow had an idea for turning these selfless givers into otherish givers. She proposed that instead
of sprinkling their giving, they could chunk it. She worked with the engineers to create dedicated
windows for quiet time and interaction time. After experimenting with several different schedules,
Perlow settled on holding quiet time three days a week, starting in the morning and lasting until noon.
During quiet time, the engineers worked alone, and their colleagues knew to avoid interrupting them.
The rest of the time, colleagues were free to seek help and advice.
When Perlow polled the engineers about quiet time, two thirds reported above-average
productivity. When Perlow stepped back and left it to the engineers to manage their own quiet time
for a full month, 47 percent maintained above-average productivity. By chunking their helping time,
the engineers were able to conserve time and energy to complete their own work, making a transition
from selfless to otherish giving. In the words of one engineer, quiet time enabled “me to do some of
the activities during the day which I would have normally deferred to late evening.” After three
months, the engineers launched the laser printer on time, for only the second time in division history.
The vice president of the division chalked the success up to the giving boundaries created by quiet
time: “I do not think we could have made the deadline without this project.”
Since the engineers were facing an urgent need to finish their product on time, they had a strong
justification for making their giving more otherish. But in many situations, the appropriate boundaries
for giving time are much murkier.
Sean Hagerty
is a principal in investment management at Vanguard,
a financial services company that specializes in mutual funds. Sean is a dedicated mentor with a long-
standing passion for education, and he has made a habit of volunteering his time at least a week each
year to teach employees at Vanguard’s corporate university. When Vanguard’s chief learning officer
counted his hours, she noticed that Sean was spending a large amount of time in the classroom. She
was worried that he would burn out, and Sean recognized that he might be at risk: “It’s a pretty
significant commitment given that I have a day job.” But instead of scaling back his hours, Sean asked
for more: “It’s among the most valuable things that I do.” The more hours he volunteered teaching, the
more energized he felt, until he approached two weeks and cleared one hundred hours of annual
volunteering on educational initiatives.
One hundred seems to be a magic number when it comes to giving. In a study of more than two
thousand
Australian adults
in their mid-sixties, those who volunteered between one hundred and eight
hundred hours per year were happier and more satisfied with their lives than those who volunteered
fewer than one hundred or more than eight hundred hours annually. In another study,
American adults
who volunteered at least one hundred hours in 1998 were more likely to be alive in 2000. There were
no benefits of volunteering more than one hundred hours. This is the 100-hour rule of volunteering. It
appears to be the range where giving is maximally energizing and minimally draining.
A hundred hours a year breaks down to just two hours a week. Research shows that if people start
volunteering two hours a week, their happiness, satisfaction, and self-esteem go up a year later. Two
hours a week in a fresh domain appears to be the sweet spot where people make a meaningful
difference without being overwhelmed or sacrificing other priorities. It’s also the range in which
volunteering is most likely to strike a healthy balance, offering benefits to the volunteer as well as the
recipients.
*
In a national study, several thousand Canadians reported the number of hours that they
volunteered per year, and whether they gained new technical, social, or organizational knowledge and
skills from volunteering. For the first few hours a week, volunteers gained knowledge and skills at a
consistent rate. By five hours a week, volunteering had
diminishing returns
: people were learning less
and less with each additional hour. After eleven hours a week, additional time volunteered no longer
added new knowledge and skills.
When Conrey started volunteering as an alumni mentor for TFA, she was giving about seventy-
five hours a year. When she launched Minds Matter, the nonprofit mentoring program for high school
students, she sailed over the 100-hour mark. Perhaps it’s not a coincidence that her energy was
restored right around that point. But it wasn’t just the amount of time that mattered; there’s another
form of chunking in Conrey’s giving that’s also apparent in Sean Hagerty’s giving, and it reveals a key
contrast between selfless and otherish giving.
As Sean Hagerty spent more time teaching in the Vanguard classroom, he began to crave more
opportunities for giving. “I want to leave the place better than I entered it in my small way,” he says,
and he began asking himself how he could have an impact on the world. As he reflected on different
ways of giving, he noticed a pattern in how he was spending his free time. “I found myself reading
more and more about education. I had a natural passion for it.” Sean decided to lead and launch two
new programs around education. One program is called The Classroom Economy, and it has a
national focus: Sean and his colleagues teach the basics of money management to kindergartners
around the United States. The other program, Team Vanguard, is local: Sean has partnered with a
charter school in Philadelphia to administer a four-year mentoring program, where employees
volunteer their time on evenings, weekends, and lunch breaks. Despite the substantial time
commitment, Sean found that both programs “have a tremendously positive impact on my energy. It’s
the selling point I have with senior staff who worry about volunteer hours, which take time out of the
day. It does sometimes, but my point of view is that it creates a much more highly engaged employee,
including me. I love that work is giving me an outlet for philanthropic interests.”
If Sean were a purely selfless giver, he might sprinkle his energy across many different causes out
of a sense of duty and obligation, regardless of his own level of interest and enthusiasm for them.
Instead, he adopts an otherish approach, choosing to chunk his giving to focus on education, a cause
about which he’s passionate. “I get incredible personal satisfaction out of giving back to the
community in this way,” Sean says.
Psychologists Netta Weinstein and Richard Ryan have demonstrated that
giving has an energizing
effect
only if it’s an enjoyable, meaningful choice rather than undertaken out of duty and obligation. In
one study, people reported their giving every day for two weeks, indicating whether they had helped
someone or done something for a good cause. On days when they gave, they rated why they gave. On
some days, people gave due to enjoyment and meaning—they thought it was important, cared about
the other person, and felt they might enjoy it. On other days, they gave out of duty and obligation—
they felt they had to and would feel like a bad person if they didn’t. Each day, they reported how
energized they felt.
Weinstein and Ryan measured changes in energy from day to day. Giving itself didn’t affect
energy: people weren’t substantially happier on days when they helped others than on days that they
didn’t. But the reasons for giving mattered immensely: on days that people helped others out of a
sense of enjoyment and purpose, they experienced significant gains in energy.
*
Giving for these
reasons conferred a greater sense of autonomy, mastery, and connection to others, and it boosted their
energy. When I studied
firefighters and fund-raising callers
, I found the same pattern: they were able
to work much harder and longer when they gave their energy and time due to a sense of enjoyment and
purpose, rather than duty and obligation.
For Conrey, this is a major difference between teaching at Overbrook and volunteering with
Minds Matter and TFA. In the Overbrook classroom, giving is an obligation. Her job requires her to
break up fights and maintain order, tasks that—although important—don’t align with the passion that
drew her into teaching. In her volunteer work, giving is an enjoyable choice: she loves helping high-
achieving underprivileged students and mentoring less experienced TFA teachers. This is another way
giving can be otherish: Conrey focused on benefiting students and teachers, but doing so in a way that
connects to her core values and fuels her enthusiasm. The energy carried over to her classroom,
helping her maintain her motivation.
But at Overbrook, Conrey couldn’t avoid the obligation to give to her students in ways that she
didn’t find naturally exciting or energizing. What did she do to stay energized despite the sense of
duty?
During one particularly stressful week, Conrey was struggling to get through to her students. “I
was feeling miserable, and the kids were being awful.” She approached a teacher named Sarah for
help. Sarah recommended an activity that was a hit in her classroom: they got to design their own
monsters that were on the loose in Philadelphia. They drew a picture of a monster, wrote a story
about it, and created a “wanted” ad so people would be on the lookout. It was exactly the inspiration
that Conrey needed. “Our ten-minute chat helped me get excited about the lesson. I had fun with the
kids, and it made me more invested in the curriculum I was teaching.”
Although Conrey’s decision to ask another teacher for help may not sound unusual, research
shows that it’s quite rare among selfless givers. Selfless givers “feel uncomfortable receiving
support,” write Helgeson and colleague Heidi Fritz. Selfless givers are determined to be in the helper
role, so they’re reluctant to burden or inconvenience others. Helgeson and Fritz find that selfless
givers receive far less support than otherish givers, which proves psychologically and physically
costly. As burnout expert Christina Maslach and colleagues conclude, “there is now a consistent and
strong body of evidence that a lack of social support is linked to burnout.”
In contrast, otherish givers recognize the importance of protecting their own well-being. When
they’re on the brink of burnout, otherish givers seek help, which enables them to marshal the advice,
assistance, and resources necessary to maintain their motivation and energy. Three decades of
research show that receiving support from colleagues is a
robust antidote to burnout
. “Having a
support network of teachers is huge,” Conrey affirms.
But Overbrook didn’t have a formal support network of teachers, so where did Conrey get her
support network? She built one at Overbrook through the act of giving help.
For many years, experts believed that the stress response involved a choice: fight or flight. Since
burnout means we lack the energy to fight, it’s natural to choose flight, coping by avoiding the source
of stress. Burnout experts Jonathon Halbesleben and Matthew Bowler studied professional
firefighters over a two-year period. Sure enough, when the firefighters
started to burn out
, their
performance ratings dropped. Burnout made them less concerned about achievement and status.
Consequently, they invested less effort in their work, and their effectiveness suffered.
But surprisingly, in this study, burnout didn’t decrease effort across the board. There was one
place where firefighters actually increased their effort when they felt burned out: helping others.
When the firefighters experienced signs of burnout, they were more likely to go out of their way to
help colleagues with heavy workloads, share new knowledge with supervisors, give advice to newer
colleagues, and even listen to colleagues’ problems. Why would burnout increase their giving?
UCLA psychologist Shelley Taylor has discovered a stress response that differs from fight or
flight. She calls it
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