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Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability
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Work integration of people with disabilities in the
regular labour market: What can we do to improve
these processes?
Montserrat Vilà
a
, Maria Pallisera
a
& Judit Fullana
a
a
University of Girona, Spain
Published online: 30 Jan 2014.
To cite this article: Montserrat Vilà, Maria Pallisera & Judit Fullana (2007) Work integration of people with disabilities in the
regular labour market: What can we do to improve these processes?, Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability,
32:1, 10-18
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Work integration of people with disabilities in the regular labour
market: What can we do to improve these processes?
MONTSERRAT VILA
` , MARIA PALLISERA & JUDIT FULLANA
University of Girona, Spain
Abstract
Background It is important to ensure that regular processes of labour market integration are available for all citizens.
Method Thematic content analysis techniques, using semi-structured group interviews, were used to identify the principal
elements contributing to the processes of integrating people with disabilities into the regular labour market. Thirty-two
professionals from 17 agencies provided information regarding the role of the family, training, workplace monitoring, the
work setting, and personal resources of the worker.
Results The results indicated that family, training (prior to and during the integration service), monitoring of the worker in the
workplace, and work setting were relevant and contributing aspects of the process of work integration.
Conclusions A real and effective commitment on the part of the government is required to regulate and provide resources to
create supported employment services and to allow these services to plan their own interventions, keeping in mind the
relevance of and relationship between aspects such as family, training, workplace monitoring, the work setting and personal
resources of the worker.
Keywords: Work integration, supported employment, persons with disabilities, disability
Introduction
Supported employment began in the 1980s in the USA
(Wehman, 1981, 1992a, 1992b), from where it
spread to Canada, and progressively to other western
countries where the culture of integration is more
deeply rooted. Supported employment includes the
following processes: offering training activities to
groups with special difficulties in order to achieve
work integration; searching the labour market to
identify places of work; and carrying out placement
and monitoring at the workplace to help people with
disabilities learn all that will help them to develop
appropriately in their positions. This model uses
training strategies, professional analysis of the work-
place, and on-the-job training to facilitate integra-
tion, and offers the necessary help to both workers
with disabilities and the work settings which employ
them.
In European countries, supported employment
coexists with programs or ‘‘traditional’’ services of
sheltered employment, which offer work to people
with disabilities in specific settings. Bellver (2001)
and Saloviita (2000) provided data about the
introduction of supported employment in Europe
during the 1990s. The introduction and consolida-
tion of this kind of program is conditioned by,
among other factors, the system of relations that is
set up between the sheltered sector and such
programs, and by the State’s social services policy.
Bellver has suggested that in most countries, the
introduction of supported employment strategies is a
difficult process, above all due to the fact that
it represents a radical change – from a cultural,
methodological and political point of view – away
from the traditional model of sheltered employment.
Pallisera, Vila`, and Valls (2003) discussed in
depth the evolution of services aimed at facilitating
work integration of people with disabilities in Spain.
During the 1990s, supported employment started to
slowly emerge as an alternative to sheltered employ-
ment and provided a means of work integration of
people with disabilities in the regular labour market.
Verdugo, Jorda´n, Bellver, and Martı´nez (1998)
analysed the progressive introduction of supported
employment in the Spanish setting, and presented a
quantitative study of the programs that existed until
1988 in Spain, as well as of the users who had
benefited from their services. Updated data on
programs, the numbers served, and characteristics
Correspondence: Montserrat Vila`, Department of Educational Studies, University of Girona, C/ Emili Grahit, 77, Girona, Spain. E-mail:
montserrat.vila@udg.es
Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, March 2007; 32(1): 10–18
ISSN 1366-8250 print/ISSN 1469-9532 online # 2007 Australasian Society for the Study of Intellectual Disability Inc.
DOI: 10.1080/13668250701196807
Downloaded by [University of Waterloo] at 07:02 16 December 2014
of supported employment in Spain can be found in
Jorda´n and Verdugo (2003) and Pallisera, Vila`,
Valls, Rius, et al. (2003).
The number of sheltered employment services and
the number of people using them increased between
the 1980s and 2000. Although this is a trend that can
be observed in most western countries (Visier,
2000), the growth in Spain has been really specta-
cular, as the sheltered sector has practically doubled
in 10 years. This increase in the number of places in
sheltered centres has been at the expense of fulfilling
the aims of supported employment services.
In Spain, supported employment has developed
considerably more slowly than in other European
countries, and it still lacks the legal recognition that
would give it a significant impulse by setting up clear
channels for its funding. At the moment, supported
employment is developing from very diverse profes-
sional initiatives, with programs being integrated
into the network of social services for people with
disabilities.
In Spain, supported employment is clearly in a
consolidation phase, but it is also true that the
growth of these services has not been accompanied
by studies that would allow us to find out which
dimensions or factors favour the integration process
of people with disabilities into the regular labour
market. There have been few studies that have
focused on the development of integration processes
or on obtaining data about the influence that various
factors may have on the nature of these processes. As
we
have
stated
in
previous
articles
(Fullana,
Pallisera, & Vila`, 2003), few studies have been
carried out using qualitative methodology that
would provide a global and comprehensive view of
the reality and an in-depth analysis of the diverse
elements involved in the process. Such an analysis is
necessary to be able to propose guidelines that will
enable the work integration processes of people with
disabilities in regular settings to be improved
qualitatively and quantitatively.
The outlook for research on the subject has begun
to change recently as several research projects have
been carried out to ascertain which factors play a
decisive role in the development of integration
processes. Here we must highlight the contributions
made by Jorda´n and Verdugo (2003), Alomar
(2004), Serra (2004) and Rius (2005).
Our research team has also been working on
several studies, and their results provide important
clues to understanding the work integration pro-
cesses implemented using supported employment
strategies (Pallisera & Vila`, 2001; Research Group
on Diversity, 2000a, 2000b, 2004). These studies
give us information about the development of work
integration processes. The role of the family, the
legal framework of the labour setting, as well as
training of workers with disabilities, are mentioned
as support factors that, among others, seem to
clearly influence the success of the integration
process. Based on the results of these studies, the
following questions arise which require further
investigation: What impact does the labour context
(type of company, labour legislation of the sector,
etc.) have on the success of the integration process?
On which components should training be focused in
order to have a positive influence on integration?
What relationship should be established between the
family and the integration service to generate
processes that facilitate continuity of integration?
And what are the conditions for monitoring the work
setting which will help to facilitate these processes?
To delve deeper into these issues, we carried out
the research presented in this article.
A case study of the factors that favour the work
integration processes of people with disabilities
The aim of this study was to identify and analyse
how different factors related to family, work and
training, interact to influence work integration by
means of supported employment. This research was
carried out in Catalonia (Spain).
Method
In line with previous studies by our research group,
we used a qualitative approach in order to reach a
global understanding of work integration processes
in ordinary settings. In our previous work, job
trainers formed a very large group of informants,
alongside workers, family, and personnel directors of
companies that hire people with disabilities. The
research we present here extends our previous work
and focuses attention on a greater number of
professionals from supported employment services
in Catalonia, a region in North-East Spain. This
methodological approach brings us closer to under-
standing the development of the experiences of
supported employment from a professional position,
based on the impressions and statements of those
who are actively involved.
All the participants took part voluntarily in the
study, and each provided written consent. Nobody
was obliged to answer any question they did not
want to. In Spain, no ethics committees exist to
review projects in the field of educational research,
so this study was not subject to formal ethics review.
We chose to carry out semi-structured group
interviews with a group interview guide to contrast
Work integration of people with disabilities
11
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the findings of our studies with the experiences and
opinions of supported employment professionals. In
this kind of interview, usually called a ‘‘focus group
interview’’, a considerable amount of research
concerning a particular topic is needed before the
interviewer asks the group specific questions related
to it. In this context, the group interview can be used
for
data
triangulation,
among
other
strategies
(Fontana & Frey, 1998).
Following Fontana and Frey (1998) and de Ruiz
Olabue´naga and Ispizua (1989), group interviews
were used to contrast and verify, as required, the
conclusions of previous studies in order to set out
some trend factors (i.e., to identify elements that
repeatedly appear in accounts of integration and that
clearly influence the process aimed at ensuring
successful integration). The interview was structured
around five main themes: family, prior training of
the worker, training by the supported employment
service, workplace monitoring, and the work setting
of the person (see Table 1). Questions were asked on
each theme and the answers enabled us to gain a
deeper insight into existing problems surrounding
these services, and to find out the opinion of
professionals regarding which factors need to be
kept in mind to promote positive work integration
processes.
A total of 18 services, all of which were operating
between 1995 and 2000, took part in the research
project. The 18 services are highly diverse, with
regard to both the specific features of their opera-
tion, and the groups to which their training and
integration efforts are directed. As far as the
characteristics of the people served are concerned,
most agencies provide services to people with
intellectual disability; however some agencies also
provide services to people with physical disabilities
or mental illness. Table 2 shows the characteristics of
the different services, as well as the number of
people interviewed from each one.
Interviews were held at the service itself. Each
interview lasted for 2K hours, was recorded, and
then transcribed in its entirety. Notes were taken on
the context of each service during the interview and
borne in mind when the interview was analysed.
These contextual aspects were: disability types,
social and cultural characteristics of the recipients,
dominant employment sector in the area, and extent
of experience of professionals working with people
with disabilities, and more specifically, working with
supported employment services.
The data were analysed using thematic content
analysis techniques. The interview guideline was
also used as a structure to follow when analysing
data. From each interview, we extracted all verbal
comments and statements relating to each of the
factors considered: family, training, monitoring,
work setting and worker’s personal resources,
Table 1. Group interview guide
(1) Family
The role of family support
Family expectations
Aspects that must be ensured in the family to contribute to the work integration processes
(2) Training
Prior training
N
The role of compulsory basic training
N
Basic knowledge that facilitates work integration
N
Type of institution (special centre versus ordinary centre) and its role in training for adult life and for the development of a working life
Training by the supported employment service
N
Role of previous training in the integration process
N
Training aspects to ensure the continuity of the integration process
(3) Workplace monitoring
How important is monitoring for the success of integration?
Monitoring characteristics: time course and intensity
How to organise accompanying processes for the successful functioning of integration
(4) Work setting
Current legislation:
N
Elements from the current legal framework that favour the continuity of integration
N
Elements that make integration difficult
N
Necessary improvements in the legal framework
Assessment of the economic advantages or benefits of contracting people with disabilities
Attitudes in the work setting
Aspects to promote in the work setting to guarantee the continuity of the integration processes
12
M. Vila` et al.
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noting any instances where the perceptions and
points of view of the professionals coincided or
diverged. This information was used to write a
detailed report.
The information provided by the various centres
was not homogeneous; however the apparently
contradictory statements from two or more centres
may have been due to the contextual characteristics
Table 2. Information about the services
Service
No. of people interviewed
Initial year of
service
Characteristics
1
3 (psychologist/teacher /job trainer)
1995
Carries out work integration with people with all types of disabilities.
Employs 5 professionals.
2
1 (job trainer)
1990
Carries out work integration with people with all types of disabilities.
Employs 9 professionals.
3
2 (service coordinator /job trainer)
1992
Carries out work integration with people with intellectual disabilities.
Employs 5 professionals.
4
1 (coordinator)
1991
Carries out work integration with people with intellectual disabilities.
Employs 4 professionals.
5
4 (director/3 job trainers)
1981
Carries out work integration with people with intellectual disabilities.
Employs 16 professionals.
6
3 (coordinator/social worker/psychologist)
1994
Carries out work integration with people with neuromotor disorders.
Employs 6 professionals.
7
1 (manager)
1997
Carries out work integration especially with people with visual
disabilities.
Employs 4 professionals.
8
1 (psychologist)
1989
Carries out work integration with people with all types of disabilities.
Employs 6 professionals.
9
2 (coordinator/ psychologist)
1985
Carries out work integration with people with all types of disabilities.
Employs 12 professionals.
10
2 (manager/job trainer)
1998
Carries out work integration especially with people with intellectual
disabilities and mental illness.
Employs 4 professionals.
11
2 (coordinator/job trainer)
1995
Carries out work integration especially with people with intellectual
disabilities.
Employs 3 professionals.
12
1 (coordinator)
1998
Carries out work integration especially with people with neuromotor
disorders.
Employs 6 professionals.
13
1 (coordinator)
1998
Carries out work integration especially with people with mental illness.
Employs 4 professionals.
14
2 (coordinator/job trainer)
1995
Carries out work integration especially with people with cerebral palsy
and neurological disorders.
Employs 3 professionals.
15
2 (psychologist/job trainer)
1998
Carries out work integration especially with people with auditory
disorders.
Employs 4 professionals.
16
1 (teacher)
1989
Carries out work integration especially with people with intellectual
disabilities.
Employs 4 professionals.
17
3 (director/2 job trainers)
1995
Carries out work integration especially with people with intellectual
disabilities.
Employs 3 professionals.
18
3 (coordinator/2 job trainers)
1999
Carries out work integration especially with people with intellectual
disabilities and mental illness.
Employs 4 professionals.
Work integration of people with disabilities
13
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of the services mentioned above. At the same time,
the greater or lesser emphasis of the professionals on
certain factors could be conditioned by their
individual experiences and by particular situations
that concerned them at a particular time. However
this difficulty was minimised by the fact that there
was a considerable variation in characteristics among
the 18 participating centres, and also because the
analysis of the data showed the existence of clear
lines of overall agreement between the professionals
of the various services.
Despite this agreement between the professionals,
and acknowledging that the research method chosen
(a single interview at each service) presents certain
methodological limitations, we opted to apply a
second complementary strategy that enabled us to
compare the conclusions of this line of research with
a greater number of professionals working in the
sector. Thus, in June 2003, a seminar was organised
in which 60 professionals and the members of our
research team participated with the aim of reviewing
the conclusions arrived at, qualifying and clarifying
them, and adding new elements of analysis and
guidance for professional practice.
Results
Based on the discussion of the results, each of the
analysed dimensions provides guidelines to take into
account when planning changes that can positively
affect work integration processes.
The family
The worker’s family, rather than just the worker,
becomes the focus of attention. This systematic
consideration of the family as a health agent requires
that the interaction between the family’s behaviour
and the characteristics of the person’s disability be
taken into account, as well as the way this interaction
can exercise a positive or negative influence on the
person’s life.
Families must be provided with information about
the processes of work integration and about the work
options for their family member with a disability. We
must not forget that a lack of knowledge about this
could mean that families may not be in a position to
maximise the potential for independence of their
child with a disability.
Information is essential for all families. That is to
say, letting them know about the whole process:
what the steps will be, what we expect, what can
be done…It is very important that the family is
well informed and, above all, the information
must be clear. [Job trainer, Service 1]
It seems there are limitations to knowing how to
explain to parents what having a child with a
disability means. They come here from school
and there are parents who say: nobody told me
my child is disabled. [Psychologist, Service 8]
Our findings suggest there is a need to set up
channels of joint cooperation between the family, the
service agency, and professionals, in order to offer
the necessary support to families and help them have
realistic expectations about the possibilities for social
and work integration of their son or daughter. In
this sense, there is a demonstrable need to work
systematically with families, with the aim of coordi-
nating objectives and action strategies, and to
encourage acceptance by parents of the need for
training. In this way, we can gradually maximise the
potential for collaboration between families and
professionals with regard to the design, organisation
and introduction of alternatives to uniform tradi-
tional approaches at all levels. It was noted that
collaboration with families needs to be implemented
as soon as possible. Our research points to the fact
that maintaining this dynamic of collaboration
between family and professionals is possible as long
as it is initiated at school. We understand how
important it is to structure, in a coordinated way,
professional actions throughout a person’s life, in
terms of constructing a bridge from school to work,
with the participation of the person with a disability
and their family. In this way, families will probably
be better prepared to accept the consequences that
might result from the work integration experience
and will have more strategies to confront any
possible incidents that arise during this process.
Training
Interviewed professionals agreed that companies
value social skills (communication and collaboration
with other workers), participative skills (planning and
organisation of tasks in an increasingly autonomous
way), and methodological skills (solving problems at
the workplace), more than technical skills. Therefore,
training should address the development of knowl-
edge and socio-personal skills, training in specific job
tasks, and training relating to motivation and
positive attitudes towards labour tasks, etc. The
extent to which young people have worked on these
skills in their previous training environments may
positively impact their work integration:
14
M. Vila` et al.
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Most times those boys and girls who are easy to
get on with or are more socially skilled, or they
relate and get attached more quickly to the
surroundings, find it less difficult to integrate.
[Coordinator, Service 9]
Attitudes…, social skills…are basic. They are the
first thing we work on here. We are not so highly
concerned with whether they get technical train-
ing, whether they learn what they are trained to
do, but with the attitudes and skills they need in
the world of work. [Coordinator, Service 18]
It is also important to add that, although social and
personal skills take priority over academic skills, most
of the professionals interviewed also highlighted that
the level of academic training of workers can contribute
very positively to the work integration processes, both as
far as the possibility of occupying more specialised –
and normally more qualified – posts is concerned,
and also from the viewpoint of increasing opportu-
nities to improve and make progress at work:
It is obvious that the more skills, the better. If they
can read and write, if they have good motor,
communication, speaking, time and space skills,
even better…all these areas are also very impor-
tant because many jobs involve them. All this
knowledge of reading and writing, understanding,
reflection, is useful, of course, to obtain higher
level jobs and, in some cases, to cover the
expectations of some workers and their families
more satisfactorily. [Coordinator, Service 9]
Thus, training is necessary for integration, both the
training received during compulsory education, and
the training offered by the work integration service.
Training
during
compulsory
education
should
include specific curriculum and experiences to help
prepare for the world of work, techniques for looking
for work, and the development of socio-personal
skills linked to work, etc. In addition, individualised
guidelines are needed to assist the student in
learning about his own responsibilities and interests,
and to guarantee decision making that is suitable to
his psychological, social and personal characteristics,
as well as to the work options offered by the labour
market.
The particular characteristics of the way local
supported employment programs operate in Spain,
which make them dependent on specific subsidies
instead of receiving stable funding, lead us to
consider some possible guidelines. Firstly, it is very
important that the training programs of the services
should enjoy a greater degree of flexibility than they
have at present, especially in the context of occupa-
tional training courses subsidised by the administra-
tion. Only in this way can we guarantee training that
is as individual as possible and really adjusted to the
needs and interests of the future worker. In addition,
appropriate matching of the person with a disability
to the world of work is fundamental, and therefore
we need to promote programs that enable service
professionals to make as careful an analysis as
possible of the skills, abilities, interests and work
expectations of the worker, while at the same time
adjusting as far as possible to the characteristics of
the world of work (in general, as well as in the local
area).
In addition, practical work experience prior to
work integration was widely endorsed and should be
included as one of the main learning components.
Practical in situ work training is a preparatory step
for future employment and is a key stage in the
worker’s preparation and progressive adaptation to
the workplace:
Practical work experience has a dual aim: on the
one hand, it gives training and the opportunity to
learn in real situations, and on the other, it helps
get into companies. [Psychologist, Service 8]
We cannot lose sight of the fact that often when a
person is given a contract, there is a period of
practical work experience beforehand, and this
period of work experience is a very important part
of training. Thus, apart from the values and
factors that help adapt to the workplace, there is
this later period of training, of adaptation, in the
workplace, which is a period of practical work
experience, and that is also, in short, what can
make the transition to being given a contract. [Job
Trainer, Service 10]
The work setting
Supported employment professionals believe there
should be a much more convincing effort from
government to facilitate the hiring of people with
disabilities in regular settings. Currently, what is
placing obstacles in the way of the work integration
of people with disabilities is not so much a lack of
compliance with the legal regulations (the 1982
LISMI and the so-called ‘‘alternative measures’’ to
complement the 2000 law
1
), but rather the fact that
current
legislation
favours
placement
into
the
sheltered employment sector over placement into
regular work contexts. The existence of economic
advantages for companies that hire people with
Work integration of people with disabilities
15
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disabilities is cited as an element that favours
integration; however these advantages are scarce,
and are viewed as significant only in the case of
indefinite and full-time contracts.
The ‘‘alternative measures’’ have not been well
accepted by supported employment professionals
and have been judged as a step backwards on the
path to full social and work integration of people
with disabilities:
… We don’t want to force companies to comply
with this law (the LISMI) and so, we are seeking
ways to get round it. And, instead of enforcing the
law, we enable companies to give work to special
centres, give subsidies to some foundation or
whatever, to solve this problem and, of course,
this is basically placing restrictions on compliance
with the law. [Manager, Service 10]
This [the alternative measures] is a disaster
because, firstly, there is no kind of pressure on
companies to comply. The only pressure that we
have seen is in companies with official subsidies
which, given that they have to declare they
comply with the 2% quota, sometimes call us
and say: ‘‘listen, I have to do it!’’ So it’s all a rush.
But if the company is not asking for an official
subsidy, nobody goes and tells them: ‘‘listen, if
you don’t have the 2%, pay up’’…which means
that if they didn’t comply with the 2% before-
hand, they don’t do the 2% or the alternative
measures now. But there’s also something else
and it’s that the possibility the company has to
make some kind of donation to a foundation or
sheltered employment…has generated a certain
competition of entities in our sector, to try to
occupy... We can see people going directly to
companies to get offers of donations... I don’t
think this is very positive and it would have been
worth creating a fund, and then, with a wide-
ranging participation of the entities in the sector,
decide what the money could be spent on’’.
[Coordinator, Service 6]
Although
supported
employment
services
have
progressively expanded in Spain during the last
decade, the results of these projects contrast with the
scarcity of the services offered. The effectiveness of
the work of these services also contrasts with the
irregular financing they receive from the govern-
ment.
It is known that the government gives more grants
to sheltered employment for each post created for
people with disabilities than to the companies that
decide to hire these people. This fact does not favour
the work integration of people with disabilities in the
ordinary work market. Further, this situation affects
the continuity of the supported employment services
involved, leading to job instability for their profes-
sionals as well as precariousness in their operation.
Monitoring of the worker at the workplace
To achieve optimum integration of the worker in the
company, our results highlight the critical role of two
professionals in the monitoring process: (i) the
educator or ‘‘job trainer’’ (the professional from
the work integration service) and (ii) the ‘‘natural
supervisor’’ (an employee who is the reference point
at the company, both for the supported worker and
for the service providing the support and follow-up
for the integration).
All work integration services, even those that do
not currently carry out follow-up, recognise the
importance of monitoring as a fundamental compo-
nent to facilitate the integration of the worker in the
job. The decision to carry out workplace monitoring
is not necessarily conditioned a priori by the type of
disability of the worker, but by his individual needs
and the particular characteristics of the job. Along
these lines, we cannot recommend standard time-
frames; rather, it is necessary to adapt the methodol-
ogy of monitoring (type of specific actions to carry
out, time course, and intensity of the actions)
according to the needs of the worker and those of
the workplace:
The presence of the job trainer is important,
especially at the beginning, and when there are
changes in the job…when there is a conflict the
companies ask for us to be present… It is
important that the company knows we are always
available if we consider it necessary. [Psycholo-
gist, Service 8]
... The fact that we are committed to monitoring
and providing support… that there will be some-
body there during the whole training period, they
won’t have to be there to integrate workers…
That’s important. [Job Trainer, Service 2]
We guarantee the company that we intervene
whenever there may be a conflict, for good or for
bad…or because they make improvements or
changes or… We find out from the person, or
from the company, or from both. Then, main-
taining this link also works because it means that
when one of our users changes, because they have
found something better and they have a vacancy,
they bear us in mind. [Manager, Service 10]
16
M. Vila` et al.
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An essential component of integration services is the
need to be able to provide a response to the real
demands for support by the company and by the
worker, a response that at the moment is constrained
by resources and the availability of services.
Conclusions and recommendations
The results of our study enable us to suggest a
number of different actions intended to improve the
work integration of people with disabilities.
The family
N
To consider the family as an agent of health rather
than focusing solely on the person with a
disability.
N
To constantly provide families with information
on the development of work integration pro-
cesses, as well as on the possibilities and limita-
tions of people with disabilities.
N
To set up channels of joint cooperation between
the family and the integration service to guarantee
the necessary support to families and to facilitate
coordination of the social and educational activ-
ities for people with disabilities.
Training
N
To facilitate training in skills related to autonomy,
decision making and acceptance of instructions,
responsibility, correct self-esteem, empathy in
social relations, ability to adapt to surroundings
and possible changes, during compulsory school-
ing, and in particular during secondary education,
since these are necessary job skills.
N
To broaden knowledge of the world of work,
relationships and communications, participation
in the community, problem-solving related to the
performance of work roles, and multifaceted work
skills, in the training programs during compulsory
secondary education.
N
To include a period of practical work experience
prior to work integration as a way of favouring in
situ training of the skills directly related to the
performance of the work role.
The work setting
N
To guarantee the continuity of work integration
experiences of people with disabilities, it is
necessary to integrate supported employment into
the network of social services, and to promote
coordination between supported employment and
sheltered employment services.
Monitoring the worker at the workplace
N
A basic factor contributing to the success of the
integration process is that the job trainer should
accompany the worker in the integrated work-
place. The pace and intensity of this support must
not be conditioned by the worker’s disability type,
but by the individual needs of the person with a
disability and the particular demands of the job.
Work integration is only one aspect of social
integration; therefore, we need to offer a response to
the needs of community participation of people with
disabilities, beyond their participation in the world of
work. Along these lines, it is vital to create awareness
among the general public – not just the work agents
– of the work possibilities of people with disabilities
and their potential for full participation.
Further collaborative research between the uni-
versity sector and work integration professionals
appears to be urgently needed. Only in this way will
we be able to directly influence matters related to
practical intervention needs and at the same time
facilitate the dissemination of this information.
In conclusion, this study confirmed the funda-
mental idea that it is essential to involve all people
with disabilities in the decisions that affect their
lives, from their active participation in the manage-
ment of centres or services, to their involvement in
research processes. Too often, it is assumed that
people with disabilities do not have the ability to
state or act upon decisions about their lives. The
results of this survey and previous research on the
social and work integration of these people firmly
deny this stance, and confirm that there is a need to
give real opportunities to people with disabilities so
that they may actively participate in their life
itinerary.
Author note
This research forms part of: Estudio de la integracio
´ n
laboral de personas con discapacidad mediante
Trabajo con Apoyo en el Estado espan
˜ ol. Ana´lisis
de los factores clave y estrategias para la mejora de los
procesos de insercio
´ n (2000–2003). Research funded
by the Research Directorate – Ministry of Science and
Technology – Research Project in the Knowledge
General Programme. Reference: BSO2000-321.
No restrictions were placed on the publication of
data obtained during the research, and no personal
income was received by the authors.
Work integration of people with disabilities
17
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Note
1
The LISMI (Law of Social Integration of the Disabled: Law
13/82) establishes the obligation to hire people with disabilities
in public and private companies of 50 or more workers. The
‘‘alternative measures’’ are substitutive actions (alternatives)
to this obligation, which allow state or private companies to be
totally or partially exempt from hiring people with disabilities if
they take out a civil or commercial contract with a Special
Work Centre or with an autonomous worker with disabilities
for the supply of primary material, fittings, machinery, etc, or
if they provide donations or financial sponsorship to entities
that work to promote work integration of people with
disabilities.
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