Quality Standards for Diabetes Care Toolkit

Name	Age range	Number of items	Source	Cost in US dollars
Test/re-test reliability
Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI)	13 to 18 years	21	www.psychcorp.com	$75 for manual and 25 record forms	Good to high reliability – 0.93 to 0.96
Patient Health Questionnaire-Adolescent Version (PHQ-A)	13 to 18 years	83 (9 items to diagnosis depression)	http://ww3.depression-primarycare.org/	Free	Good reliability – 0.76
Children’s Depression Inventory	7 to 17 years	27	http://psychcorp.com	$100 for manual and 25 record forms	Good reliability – 0.66 to 0.82
Paediatric Symptom Checklist	3 to 16 years	35	http://psc.partners.org	Free	Good to high reliability – 0.80
Guidelines for Adolescent Preventative Services Questionnaire	11 to 21 years	72 Younger adolescent 61 – middle/older adolescent	www.uvpediatrics.com/health-topics/stage.php#GAPS	Free	Good reliability – 0.72

Sources: Beck et al 1996; Bethell et al 2001; Craighead et al 1998; Fann et al 2005; Finch et al 1987; Navon et al 2001; Sprinkle et al 2002.

Risk appraisal for psychosocial issues in adolescents

The Home and environment, Education and employment, Eating, Activities/ambition, Drugs and alcohol, Sexuality and relationships, Suicide and depression and Safety (HEEADSSS) tool is widely used in adolescent services (see Standard 16). Initially developed by Goldenring and Cohen in 1988, further iterations have been made. According to Goldenring and Rosen (2004), the HEEADSSS interview is a practical, time-tested, complementary strategy that health professionals can use to build on and incorporate the guidelines into their busy clinical consultations. One of the best qualities of the HEEADSSS approach is that it proceeds naturally from expected and less threatening questions to more personal and intrusive questions. This gives the interviewer a chance to establish trust and rapport with the teenager before asking the most difficult questions in the psychosocial interview (www2.aap.org/pubserv/psvpreview/pages/files/headss.pdf).
Bradford et al (2012) undertook a systematic review of psychosocial assessments for young people, in particular to examine the acceptability, disclosure and engagement, and predictive utility. They identified a number of potential tools; however, which tool is most appropriate for a clinician will depend on the domains they are most interested in, their preferred mode of delivery or available resources, available timeframe, and whether they work in a multidisciplinary environment. They concluded that the only tool, which is currently available in a self-administered format, covers all domains relevant to most young people, has been tested in multiple contexts, and can be completed in a short period, is the Adolescent Health Review (AHR). The full article can be accessed at: www.dovepress.com/psychosocial-assessments-for-young-people-a-systematic-review-examinin-peer-reviewed-article-AHMT-recommendation1.