Table of Contents
Introduction
3
1. Quantum Computing: A Serious National Security Threat
5
Understanding Quantum Supremacy
7
Three Types of Quantum Computing Machines
8
The Difficulty in Predicting Q-Day
9
The Threat to Stored Data
10
2. Quantum Cybersecurity: How to Implement Layered Security
11
Quantum Random-Number Generators
12
Post-quantum Cryptography
12
Quantum Communication Networks
12
Establishing Leadership in Quantum Cybersecurity
13
3. The United States versus China: Contrasting Strategies
15
4. The Need for a U.S. National Quantum Strategy
20
Conclusion
22
Glossary of Terms
23
About the Authors
25
About the Quantum Alliance Initiative
26
Acknowledgments
27
Quantum Computing: How to Address the National Security Risk
3
Introduction
Imagine a computer solving the mathematical problems that today’s fastest
supercomputers can’t begin to unlock, in less than a blink of an eye. Imagine a
technology that can enable an observer to see through walls, or see into the darkest
depths of the world’s oceans. Imagine a technology that can build essentially
unhackable global networks, while rendering an antagonist’s most secret data
instantly transparent.
All these are characteristics of quantum computers and quantum technology, which
will define the future of global information technology for decades, possibly
centuries, to come. It represents a revolution as profound as any in modern history,
and it’s one on which we stand at the brink, with all its promise—and its perils.
Arthur Herman, “Winning the Race in Quantum
Computing,” American Affairs, Summer 2018
n the 21st century, global supremacy will belong to the nation that controls the
future of information technology (IT)—at the heart of which will be quantum
technology.
Quantum computers will use the principles of quantum mechanics to operate on data
exponentially faster than traditional computers—in ways that will far surpass the
capabilities of even today’s fastest supercomputers.
For example, a quantum computer with 300 quantum bits (“qubits”) could conduct
more calculations than there are atoms in the universe. The benefits of this
accelerated calculating power will include earlier cancer detection, improvements in
machine learning, better pharmaceutical drugs, and more.
1
Unfortunately, such a computer could also render today’s public encryption systems
obsolete in less than the blink of any eye.
Such a system would pose a threat to national security because it could open the
encrypted secrets of countries, companies, and individuals and cripple critical
infrastructure and financial systems. A foreign competitor with the edge in quantum
computing could also threaten America’s economic security while reaping the many
economic benefits of the quantum era.
Therefore, America is involved in another contest that is just as vital to national
security, the economy-- and even the future of liberal democracy--as the race to build
the atomic bomb in World War II: the race to build the first fully operational
quantum computer, which experts believe will play out in the next 10-20 years.
1
Sergei Kouzmine, “4 Ways That Quantum Technology Could Transform Health Care,” Fast Company,
September 4, 2013, https://www.fastcompany.com/3016530/4-ways-that-quantum-technology-could-
transform-health-care.
I
Arthur Herman & Idalia Friedson
In October 2017, Hudson Institute hosted a conference bringing together, perhaps for
the first time, members of the two halves of the international quantum community:
quantum computing experts and experts in quantum-safe cybersecurity. The two
groups discussed in a public forum how to frame the future dialogue between
policymakers and lawmakers, on the one hand, and the makers of quantum
technology, on the other, about what America must do to prepare for the quantum
revolution.
That dialogue is now underway, as lawmakers are becoming aware that the quantum
computing revolution will have not only a profound scientific and economic impact,
but national security consequences as well. At the October conference, Hudson senior
fellow Arthur Herman compared the need for a National Quantum Initiative with the
Manhattan Project, which ensured that the U.S. would possess the first atomic bomb.
Five months later, Morgen Wright, senior fellow at the Center for Digital
Government, drew the same comparison. As with the Manhattan Project, Wright
wrote in The Hill, for the quantum project, “All hands have to be on deck. Money has
to be spent. Research has to be done. And access to our research and scientific
facilities has to be denied to the Chinese, Russians, and other adversarial countries.”
2
This concerted effort must begin now because America’s leading competitors,
including Russia and the Republic of China, are also working urgently to develop such
a quantum computer and are positioning themselves to dominate the quantum era.
The purpose of this report is two-fold.
First, this report explains the significance of quantum technology and analyzes why it
poses a national opportunity as well as a potential threat.
Second, this report sets out the principles around which a national quantum strategy
can be built. As will be explained, more resources are needed to win the quantum
computing race than just increased federal funding or federal oversight. For example,
America’s private sector has the most essential role to play in preserving and
promoting American IT leadership in the quantum era. Meanwhile, government
should help to set priorities, standards, and goals for emerging cybersecurity
measures while leaving the private sector to do what it does best: innovate and make
an emerging technology as efficient and cost-effective as possible in the shortest
amount of time.
In any case, it would be a mistake to assume that America’s decades-long dominance
of IT will automatically translates into dominance in the quantum era. But with the
right strategy and the proper commitment of resources, including funding, the United
States can retain its global edge in IT and lead the world’s other democracies forward
into the quantum era.
2
Morgan Wright, “America’s Enigma Problem with China: The Threat of Quantum Computing,” The
Hill, March 5, 2018, http://thehill.com/opinion/national-security/376676-americas-enigma-problem-
with-china-the-threat-of-quantum-computing.
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