Nostalgia for a Unified Realm
243
the likely beginning of
The Mirror of the Gods
by three to four decades,
dovetailing with these last two of the medieval historiographic
Mirrors
in ways that further contextualize the latter’s formal and thematic nos-
talgia. All four, in turn, are products of the period of the Northern and
Southern Courts in a post-Mongol-invasions Japan, a time in which “self-
awareness of their country’s uniqueness” had been “ignited.”
6
Most sig-
nificantly for the fate of the
Mirrors
, especially as a type of writing that
primarily defined historical trajectories in terms of, or in reaction to, Bud-
dhist principles of decline, it was also an age in which divine country
thought experienced “unprecedented expansion” and Shinto began to
emerge as a more powerful force, thanks to the proactive theorization oc-
curring at Ise Shrine.
7
These developments in the intellectual climate notwithstanding, why,
after an apparent move to the center, did the
Mirrors
all but disappear
from the historiographic scene after the mid-fifteenth century until the
seventeenth century? After all, the genre had shown itself to be malleable
and resilient. Some explanation for this can be found in the following
look at
Gods and Sovereigns
,
Plums and Pines
, and the opening to the
Heike
. It reveals the possibility of deeper problems with ordering the
past—specifically, the reliance upon narrative place and cosmological
authority—in an increasingly factious age.
Gods and Sovereigns
and
Plums
and Pines
take diff erent approaches to establishing order, but neither suc-
cessfully resolves the difficulties. Their imperfect solutions in particular
foreshadow the final turn toward the past that the Muromachi historio-
graphic
Mirrors
take.
CHRONICLES OF THE PAST: GODS AND SOVEREIGNS
The rhetoric and cosmological logic of both
Gods and Sovereigns
and
Plums
and Pines
suggests that it was precisely these challenges—how to synthe-
size changing scales of place, principle, and the past—that fourteenth-
6. Sasaki Kaoru,
Nihon chūsei shisō no kichō
, 140. On the impact of the Mongol
invasions, see ibid., 133–35.
7. On the spread of divine country thought, see Sasaki Kaoru,
Nihon chūsei shisō no
kichō
, 137. On Shinto, see ibid., 139.
244
Memories of Mirrors
century historiographers were confronting.
8
In Sasaki Kaoru’s analysis,
both works also promote Confucian notions of rule by virtue, even as
they embody diff erent positions.
Gods and Sovereigns
speaks to the South-
ern Court’s values and its allegiance with
the traditional court elite;
Plums and Pines
reflects the Northern Court’s position, including its reli-
ance upon warrior power.
9
The challenge underlying each work at a ba-
sic level is that of winning readers to its cause in an unstable polity with
two courts competing for legitimacy. The differing rhetorical strategies
are reminiscent of those seen in
The Mirror of the East
and
The Mirror of
the Watchman in the Fields
:
Gods and Sovereigns
has no place but prom-
ises an amorphous principle, while
Plums and Pines
offers no explicit
principle but grounds its narrative in a very particular place.
Kitabatake Chikafusa’s
Gods and Sovereigns
relates the imperial ge-
nealogy from the age of the gods through the reign of the Southern Court
emperor Gomurakami (1328–68). In returning its reader to a world fa-
miliar from the earliest
Mirrors
(the imperial court), it also takes up a fa-
miliar genre (the chronicle) for asserting an orthodox position. There are
few obvious commonalities with the other
Mirrors
beyond a broad inter-
est in narrativizing historical events: for instance,
Gods and Sovereigns
ap-
pears unconcerned with the prestige gained or lost through its selected
linguistic medium, with the oldest manuscripts in mixtures of Chinese
characters and
kana
.
10
Yet given Chikafusa’s claim in the first section that
8. There are conflicting assessments of the fate of
Gods and Sovereigns
, depending
in part on its presumed original audience. Iwasa Masashi, for instance, assumes an impe-
rial audience and conjectures a wide reading in the Southern Court and among the war-
riors of the East, with the latter claim based on the proliferation of errors that resulted
in a revised edition of 1343 (
Jinnō shōtōki
, 12). On later medieval engagement with and
additions to the work, see ibid., 21–24. Conlan attributes the revisions to an effort “to
further persuade eastern warriors to support the Southern Court,” without suggesting
that these were successful (
From Sovereign to Symbol
, 71). Varley mainly skirts the issue
of contemporary reception, other than noting that Chikafusa did not manage to persuade
Yūki Chikatomo to back the Southern Court (Kitabatake Chikafusa and H. Paul Varley,
Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns
, 5–6). Shuzo Uyenaka provides the harshest character-
ization, observing, “The
Jinnō shōtōki
apparently failed to perform its immediate func-
tion of rallying north-eastern warriors to the loyalist cause” (“Study of
Baishōron
,” 63).
9. Sasaki Kaoru,
Nihon chūsei shisō no kichō
, 137–38.
10. On the various manuscripts, see Iwasa,
Jinnō shōtōki
, 13–18. This being said, if
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