240
Memories of Mirrors
Among these developments, the creation of rival courts and the fun-
damental disunity that embodied seems to have been the catalyst for the
production of several of the textual efforts to order the past. Certainly
emperors had been exiled before, including the expulsion of Godaigo,
the founder of the Yoshino Court, to the Oki Islands in 1332, but having
two separate contending courts was unprecedented. Godaigo’s bitter verse
plaint—selected from “among those poems composed at the temporary
palace in Yoshino” by his son, Prince Munenaga (born 1311–12), for inclu-
sion in the
Shin’yō wakashū
(New Leaves Waka Collection, compiled in
1381)—effectively evokes a sense of displacement and distress that may well
have resonated with many partisans of the Yoshino Court:
Fushiwabinu
Unable to sleep,
shimo samuki yo no
my pallet in shambles
toko wa arete
beneath the chill night’s frost,
sode ni hageshiki
my sleeves blown
yamaoroshi no kaze
by blustering mountain gales.
3
The imagery is evocative of a disordered hostile
environment and inade-
quate defense against outside powers. This is surely not how the keeper
of the imperial regalia should be, buffeted by forces beyond his control
and removed from the palace proper. In fact, the anxiety and precarity
of a divided court that Godaigo effectively captures in this poem seem
to underlie both of the final
Mirrors
and their split allegiances—
The Clear
Mirror
(circa 1368–75) and
The Mirror of the Gods
(late fourteenth or early
fifteenth century)—as well as other contemporary attempts at narrativ-
izing the past, including Kitabatake Chikafusa’s
Jinnō shōtōki
(A Chron-
icle of Gods and Sovereigns, written circa 1339–1343) and the
Baishōron
(Discussion on Plums and Pines, written circa 1351).
4
3. Fukatsu and Kimishima,
Shin’yō wakashū
, 89.
4. Ōmori Kitayoshi sees the fourteenth century as a turning point in historiogra-
phy (“‘Masukagami’ no rekishi jojutsu,” 9). The dating of the
Baishōron
is from Uy-
enaka and Conlan, “Baishoron,” 21. Their assessment is based on a 2005 study. More
recently, Takeda Masanori has proposed consideration of a date as late as 1354 (“Ashikaga
no ken’i,” 76).
Nostalgia for a Unified Realm
241
Despite the variety of perspectives and genres suggested by the above
four titles, these works are all written with an awareness of earlier
Mir-
rors
, demonstrating that however marginal its origins,
by the early
fourteenth century the
Mirror
genre had become one of the, if not the,
major means of refracting the past. These works,
Mirrors
and non
-Mirrors
alike, also share characteristics that make it profitable to consider them
together. Each faces the challenge of chronicling a past that has, in a sense,
failed. Both
Gods and Sovereigns
and
The Clear Mirror
culminate in the
imperial restoration, albeit from a time when the restoration had already
collapsed.
Plums and Pines
, in contrast, concludes with the Ashikaga victory
but dates from an age in which Ashikaga authority was already imper-
iled by the fraternal conflict between Ashikaga Takauji, the first sho-
gun, and his increasingly powerful younger brother Tadayoshi (1306–52).
Dostları ilə paylaş: