As postmodernist novels invite their readers to fill in their interpretation and to share their
symbols to be deciphered by the readers in order to grasp the truth of the past. For instance, the
characters’ vision on their obligations to the past represented by Jack Dodds stands for unity in
diversity. Despite their different names which are the titles of some chapters, these characters’
unity of vision regarding the respect they should have for the past prevails. They support the idea
that “a man is just a name” (Swift 1996:128) whose duty is to carry out his obligations towards
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the past, preserving its memory and holding it in great respect. Moreover, the places, which are
the titles of a couple of chapters – Bermondsey, Blackheath, Dartford, Gravesend, Rochester,
Chatham, Wick’s Farm, Canterbury, Margate – stand for unity in diversity as well. These places
represent the symbolic past the living characters should revisit and understand, calling for their
unity of vision in terms of the necessary respect for the past. Furthermore, these places stand for
the eternal time all generations go through and enjoy. The living characters only pass them in
their pilgrimage to Dreamland, which is Margate or the holy land of all the spirits of the past.
The title of the novel, Last Orders, is an invitation extended to the living characters to pay
homage to the past by fulfilling a dead man’s wishes and requests. The last orders are the orders
sent by the past generations to the present ones with a view to preserving the human values of
respect and love for the ancestors, for the parents and grandparents, for their great work and
wishes. Jack Arthur Dodds is the silent voice of the past which urges the living characters to meet
his requests. Jack’s dream is to sell his shop and have a little house in Margate to live with his
wife, Amy. But his dream comes true after his death when his ashes are spread in Margate. He
turns into ashes, which are spread across the world by the wind, the symbol of new life and
energy. His ashes symbolize the living memory of the past which lies heavily upon the present
world. The energy of Jack’s ashes stimulates the living characters’ desire to ponder on the
heritage of the past in order to understand it. Ashes can fly like pigeons, filling the world with the
smell and the hopes of the past. Pigeons, the symbol of the Holy Spirit and of eternal life, are
compared to “bits of ashes with wings” (Swift 1996:16). Thus, Jack’s ashes, which are associated
with the past, are given a spiritual value which must be attached much importance to in order to
assume and carry out our moral obligations towards it.
Analysing Graham Swift’s Last Orders, we witness what Frederick M. Holmes (1997)
calls an “exercise of the historical imagination” (Holmes 1997:82). What Frederick M. Holmes
(1997) shows referring to other postmodernist novels is also valid for Graham Swift’s Last
Orders as the living protagonists’ efforts in this novel aim at turning their past into an eternal
value which they reconstruct in their imagination based on their remembrances, experiences and
education, feeling respect for it and gratitude to it:
It is obvious that the exercise of the historical imagination in these novels carries with it great risks and
rewards. The aim goes beyond the desire to establish continuity with the past or to impose order upon it.
The goal is to transcend time altogether and to overcome death, to supply immortality. And owing to t he
equation made by the novels between historical representation and imaginative literature, the immortality
which they seek is essentially that which has traditionally been claimed for great art (Holmes 1997:82).
Ignoring Jack’s condition of a dead man and considering him their own living interlocutor
with important wishes to be fulfilled, the characters in Graham Swift’s novel transcend Jack’s
past time and do not attach physical death any importance to. By their actions, they just claim the
immortality of the past values which they hold in great respect. Their effort to pay homage to
their past is evinced by Ray, Vince, Lenny and Vic’s decision to stop at the Naval Memorial and
at the Canterbury Cathedral, carrying Jack’s ashes in the plastic jar as if the ashes were a living
presence watching them. Their pilgrimage to Margate with their stops at the Naval Memorial, at
the Canterbury Cathedral and at a pub is an act of paying their last respects to Jack. This
pilgrimage is also the symbol of our journey through life with the definite purpose of
understanding the importance and the value of the past in our present. The difficulty of finding
the Naval Memorial stands for their great effort to discover and understand the past. They make a
sacrifice, being determined to successfully accomplish their mission:
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Lenny says, panting, ‘He never said it was up no bleeding hill’. [...] It’s a funny memorial that no one
remembers the way to. [...] I reckon Vic is making a sacrifice, he makes a good martyr, and anyhow there
must be some old lost mates of his with their names chalked up on that memorial for having made their own
sacrifice, as they call it, once, so it don’t do to deny them. If we ever get there (Swift 1996:119).
It’s like an effort at dignity, that’s what it is, it’s like a big tall effort at dignity (Swift 1996:122).
The obelisk, which they find at the Naval Memorial and which seems to be “floating”
(Swift 1996:122), can symbolize the unstable truth of the past meant to be interpreted and
understood by the readers of Graham Swift’s novel. Having gone up the “bleeding hill” (Swift
1996:119) and having seen the list of names on the obelisk, Ray understands that what we call
present life is in fact an act of survival. At this point, he admits that he has understood the world,
which is his past and his present. The obelisk is an instance of what Linda Hutcheon (2002:55)
calls “the traces” of the past which enable us to understand it. According to Linda Hutcheon
(2002),
The past is something with which we must come to terms and such a confrontation involves an
acknowledgement of limitation as well as power. We only have access to the past today through its traces –
its documents, the testimony of witnesses, and other archival materials. In other words, we only have
representations of the past from which to construct our narratives or explanations (Hutcheon 2002:55).
To show that he has understood the past, Ray frequently uses the verb see with the
meaning of perceive, understand: “I could see the world” (Swift 1996:128). One of the
consequences of having understood the past is the characters’ determination to respect it by
enforcing the orders sent by the “High Command” (Swift 1996:132), which is the Divinity and
the voice of eternal time:
It’s a question of duty. There’s a soldier’s duty, a sailor’s duty. Heligoland. Jutland. But if you ask me, that
aint duty so much as orders. Doing your duty in the ordinary course of life is another thing, it’s harder. It’s
like Ray always said that Jack was a fine soldier, Jack should’ve got a medal, but when it came to being
back in Civvy Street, he didn’t know nothing better, like most of us, than to stick like glue to what he knew,
like there was an order sent down from High Command that he couldn’t ever be nothing else but a butcher.
[...] It’s a question of paying your dues (Swift 1996:132).
The pilgrimage to the Canterbury Cathedral with Jack’s ashes in the plastic jar broadens
the living characters’ perspective on the past as this is the first time they have been there: “it’s
like we are all thinking we might have lived all our lives and never seen Canterbury Cathedral,
it’s something Jack’s put right” (Swift 1996:193). The symbol of the glorious English past, the
Canterbury Cathedral seems to be treating them as unimportant. It stands for the eternal time
treating the temporary time of the living human beings as unimportant: “Like it’s looking down
at you, saying, I’m Canterbury Cathedral, who the hell are you?” (Swift 1996:194). The
characters’ moments of silence and their understanding of the importance of “looking not telling”
(Swift 1996:128) show their respect and admiration for the past represented by the Naval
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