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LESSON 22
TAXATION
Taxation is one of the most prominent and controversial
topics in economic policy.
Taxes are levied by the federal and local authorities, and
embrace different spheres of economy. The most usual taxes
are sales taxes, individual income taxes, property taxes, the
corporation income tax, excise taxes, payroll taxes, etc.
There are four objectives of tax policy: simplicity,
efficiency, fairness, and revenue sufficiency. While these
objectives are widely accepted, they often conflict.
Simplicity means that relations of the taxpayer and the
revenue authorities are as easy as possible. Further, the ultimate
tax liability should be certain. Efficiency means that taxation
interferes as little as possible in the choices people make in the
private marketplace. The tax law should not induce a businessman
to invest in real estate instead of research and development – or
vice versa.
Taxes always affect behavior. Taxing an activity (like
earning a living) is similar to a price increase. With the tax in
place, people will typically buy less of a good – or partake in less
of an activity – than they would in the absence of the tax. The
most efficient tax is a head tax, a tax on each person that is not
affected by that person’s income or by any of the person’s
characteristics. A head tax would not reduce the incentive to work,
save, or invest. The problem with such a tax is that it would take
the same amount from a high – income person as from a low-
income person.
Fairness, to most people, requires that equally situated
taxpayers pay equal taxes (“horizontal equity”) and that better-off
taxpayers pay more tax (“vertical equity”). The problem, though,
is how to judge whether two taxpayers are equally situated. For
example, one taxpayer might receive income from labor while
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another receives the same income from inherited wealth. And
even if one taxpayers is clearly better off than another, there is
little agreement about how much more the better-off person
should pay.
Revenue sufficiency might seem a fairly obvious criterion
of tax policy. Yet, the revenue sufficiency may conflict with
efficiency and with fairness.
Likewise, other objectives of tax policy conflict with one
another. High tax rates for upper-income households are
inefficient but are judged by some to make the tax system fairer.
Intricate legal provisions to prevent tax sheltering and thus make
taxes fairer would also make them more complex. Such conflicts
among policy objectives are a constant constraint on the making
of tax policy.
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