partnership interests is subject to restrictions.
In a corporation, by contrast, the shareholders do not
personally manage their money. Instead, a corporation is managed
by directors and officers who need not be investors. Because
managerial authority is concentrated in the hands of directors and
officers, shares are freely transferable in the hands of directors and
officers, shares are freely transferable unless otherwise agreed.
They can be sold or given to anyone without placing other
investors at the mercy of a new owner’s poor judgment. The
splitting of management and ownership into distinct functions is
the main corporate feature.
Shareholders receive voting rights to elect the board of
directors, and the directors, in turn, elect the officers.
When a corporation is created, its officers, directors, and
shareholders usually are the same people. They elect
themselves or their nominees to the board of directors and then
elect themselves as corporate officers. When the corporation
later goes public, the founders usually prefer to retain control
because they value the additional capital and because they
expect to continue to control a majority of votes on the board
and thus to direct the company’s future policy and growth.
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That the board of directors is dominated by “insiders”
makes sense. The founders are the first directors; later, their
places on the board are filled by the executives that will
succeed them. This arrangement does not injure new
shareholders. As outside investors they buy shares of common
stock because they discover corporations whose record of
performance indicates a competent managerial system. They do
not want to interfere with it or dismantle it; on the contrary,
they willingly entrust their savings to it. They know that the
best safeguard for their investments if they become dissatisfied
with the company’s performance is their ability to sell instantly
their shares of a publicly traded corporation.
To differentiate it from a partnership, a corporation
should be defined as a legal and contractual mechanism for
creating and operating a business for profit, using capital from
investors that will be managed on their behalf by directors and
officers.
The crucial corporate feature is the limited liability. It
means that the corporation, as an entity, contracts debts in “its”
own name, not “theirs” (the shareholders), so they are not
responsible for its debts. By incorporating and then by using
the symbols “Inc.” (incorporated) or “Corp.,” shareholders are
warning potential creditors that they do not accept unlimited
personal liability, that creditors must look only to the
corporation’s assets for satisfaction of their claims.