S. M. NƏBİyeva, Ş. H. KƏRİmova f. S
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VOCABULARY Microeconomics микроэкономика микроекономика Deals (with иметь дело ( с кем- либо, с чем-либо) ня иляся, кимлясяиши олмаг Supply поставки , запас; поставлять чатдырма, ялавя,чатдырма, Interact взаимодействовать гаршылыглы фяалиййят Subfield зд.составляющая отрасли айры-айрысащяляр Labor труд , рабочая сила,трудовые ресурсы ямяк, ишчи гцввяси, ямяк ресурслары Cartel Картель сазиш, мцгавиля Commodity товар , продукт, сырье сянайе мящсулу мал, ямтяя Exchange обмен ; обменивать(ся) Farmland обрабатываемыеземельные угодья колхоз йерляринибежярмяк Finance финансы ; финансовый малиййя Scene сцена , место действия сящня, фяалиййят йери Benefit прибыль , выгода;приносить прибыль , выгоду эялир, мянфяят, mənfəət gəlir gətirmək Tax налог ; облагать налогом верэи, верэи гоймаг Expenditure расходы , затраты хяржляр, мясряфляр Applied прикладной тятбиги Welfare благосостояние , богатство рифащ, щал Income доход эялир Payroll платежная ведомость, список гаимя, ишчинин 11 работающих сийащысы Acreage площадь земли в акраx, посевная площадь акр иля торпаг сащяси, якилян сащя Wages Зарплата ямяк щаггы Satisfy Удовлетворять гане етмяк Competitive конкуретный , конкурентоспособный рягабят габилиййяти olmaq Demander потребитель истещлакчы Taken as a whole взятый целиком, полностью там шякилдя эютцрцлян Foreign exchange обмен валюты, рынокиностранной валюты валйута базары Costs and benefits издержки и прибыль хяржляр вя мянфяят Factors of production факторы производства истещсал амилляри Tariff on imports тарифы на импорт мядахил, идхал тарифляри Supply price цена предложения тяклиф олунан гиймят Demand price цена спроса алыш гиймяти Exercise 1. Answer the Questions: 1.What does microeconomics deal with? 2.What is labor economics based on? 3.What does international economics worry about? 4. Who deals with the demand for and supply of foreign exchange? 5.What factors of production does the agricultural economics deal with? 6.What was traditionally public finance interested in? 7.What is public finance trying to analyze now? 8.What is applied welfare economics? 9.What lies at the root of everything in microeconomics? 12 Exercise 2. Бурахылмыш сюзляри мятндян тапыб йериня гойун: Заполните пробелы словами из текста: 1. Microeconomics deals with the way supply and demand _________ in various markets. 2. This type of analysis lies at the center of most of the recognized ________ of economics. 3. Labor economics is based largely on the __________ of the supply anddemand for labor of different types. 4. The field of industrialorganization deals with the different __________ by which goods and services are sold. 5. International economics worries about the demand and supply of individual traded ________. 6. International economics ________ a country’s exports and imports taken as a whole. 7. Who deals with the demand for and supply of ____________ exchange? 8. Agricultural economics worries about the demand and supply of ________ products. 9. What factors of production are __________ in agriculture? 10. Public finance looks at how the government ________ the scene. Exercise 3. Мятндян эютцрцлмцш сюз вя ифадяляри тяржцмя един. Дайте перевод слов и выражений из текста. 1. поставки; 2. взаимодействовать; 3. личный; 4. то- вар ; 5. импортировать; 6. налог; 7. расходы; 8. выгода; 9. список работающих; 10. удовлетворять; 11. издержки и прибыль ; 12. потребитель; 13. профсоюз; 14. цена про- давца ; 15. цена покупателя. 13 1. чатдырма; 2. гаршылыглы фяалиййят; 3. шяхси; 4. ямтяя, мал; 5. идхал етмяк; 6. верэи; 7. хярж; 8. мянфяят; 9. ишчилярин сийащысы; 10. гане етмяк; 11. хяржляр вя эялирляр; 12. истещлакчы; 13. щямкарлар иттифагы; 14. сатыш гиймяти; 15. алыш гиймяти. Exercise 4. Match the definitions of the words 1. interact а .list of people employed by a company showing the amount of money to be paid to each of them 2. monopoly b.the act of spending or using money; an amount of money spent 3. involve c.a list of fixed prices that are charged by a company for a particular service 4. expenditure d.if one thing interacts with another or two things interact, then they have an effect on each other 5. tariff e.an act of giving smth to smb. or doing smth for smb. and receiving smth in return 6. demander f. to make smb. take part in smth. 7. payroll g. the complete control or use of smth; a thing that belongs only to one person 8. exchange h. a person who has needs for goods or services Exercise 5. Give the Russian and Azerbaijan equivalents of the phrases 1. to deal with supply and demand 2. to recognize subfields of economics 3. to worry about sth. 4. public finance 5. to analyze costs and benefits of sth. 14 6. applied welfare economics 7. taxes on commodities 8. foreign exchange controls 9. different forms of industrial organization 10. various aspects of labor market behavior 11. the monopoly power of labor unions 12. to satisfy smb’s desire Exercise 6. Цч вариантдан (а, б, ж) дцзэцн оланы сечин: Из трех вариантов продолжения предложения (a, b, c ) выберите правильный: 1. Labor economics is based largely on the analysis of a) public finance; b) the supply and demand for labor of different types; c) foreign exchange controls. 2. Agricultural economics deals with a) the competitive supply price; b) various aspects of labor market behavior; c) factors of production involved in agriculture. 3. At the root of everything is a) supply and demand; b) foreign exchange controls; c) this market process. 4. The competitive supply price represents a) value as seen by demanders; b) the costs and benefits of different public programs; c) value as seen by suppliers. 5. International economics worries about a) taxes on commodities; b) public projects; c) a country’s exports and imports taken as a whole. Exercise 7. Жцмляляри Инэилис дилиня тяржцмя един Переведите предложения на Английский язык 1. Микроэкономика занимается проблемами предло- жения и спроса, а такжевопросами их взаимодействия на различных рынках. 15 2. Экономика труда основана в значительной степени на анализе предложения и спроса различных типов рабочей силы . 3. Международная экономика озабочена вопросами предложения и спроса всфере экспорта и импорта. 4. Экономика сельского хозяйства имеет дело с раз- личными факторами сельскохозяйственного производства. 5. Традиционно, интерес экономики государственных финансов лежал в сфере налогооблажения. 6. В основе всего лежит предложение и спрос. 7. Экономика сельского хозяйства занимается вопро- сами контроля заразмерами посевных площадей и Контро- лем ценообразования. 8. Конкурентная цена поставщика представляет стои- мость так, как ее видит поставщик, конкурентная цена по- купателя представляет стоимость так, как ее видит покупатель. *** 1. Микроигтисадиййат тяляб вя тяклиф проблемляри иля, щямчинин мцхтялиф базарларда онларын гаршылыглы тясир мя- сяляляри иля мяшьул олур. 2. Ямяйин игтисадиййаты мцхтялиф нюв ишчи гцввясинин тяляб вя тяклифинин мцяййян дяряжядя тящлилиня ясасланыр. 3. Бейнялхалг игтисадиййат идхал вя ихраж сферасында тяляб вя тяклиф мясяляляринин гайьысына галыр. 4. Кянд тясяррцфаты игтисадиййатынын кянд тясяррц- фатынын мцхтялиф истещсал амилляри иля ялагяси олур. 5. Яняняви олараг, дювлят малиййясинин игтисади мара- ьы верэигойулушу сферасынын ющдясиня дцшцр. 6. Щяр шейин ясасында тяляб вя тяклиф дурур. 7. Кянд тясяррцфатынын игтисадиййаты якин сащяляринин юлчцсцня нязарят мясяоляляри вя гиймятямяляэялмяйя няза- рятля мяшьул олур. 16 8. Тядарцкчцнцн (мал эюндярянин) рягабят гиймяти дяйяри тядарцкчцнцн эюрдцйц кими тягдим едир, алыжынын рягабят гиймяти, дяйяри алыжынын эюрдцйц кими тягдим едир. Exercise 8Translate the text Businesspeople and business leaders Businesspeople and entrepreneurs A Businessman, businesswoman or businessperson is someone who works in their own business or as a manager in an organization. As entrepreneur is someone who starts or founds or establishes their own company. Someone who starts a company is its founder. An entrepreneur may found a series of companies or start-ups. Entrepreneurial is used in a positive way to describe the risk-taking people who do this, and their activities. Some entrepreneurs leave the companies they found, perhaps going onto found more companies. Others may stay to develop and grow their business. Leaders and leadership A large company mainly owned by one person or family is a business empire. Successful businesspeople, especially heads of large organizations, are business leaders or, in journalistic terms, captains of industry. There is a lot of discussion about whether people like this are born with leadership skills, or whether such skills can be learned. Magnates, moguls and tycoons People in charge of big business empires may be referred to, especially by journalists, as magnats,moguls or tycoons. These words often occur in combinations such as these: Media, press, shipping, oil magnate. Movie, media, sipping mogul. Property, software tycoon. 17 It is necessary to know for economists 1. Economics is the study of how people, individually and collectively, allocate their limited resources to try to satisfy their unlimited wants. 2. Scarcity occurs because human wants exceed the production possible with our limited time and resources. 3. A good is any item or service that satisfies a human want and, in so doing, adds to human happiness. 4. Production entails using technology to apply energy to materials in ways that make the materials more valuable, or that otherwise help satisfy human wants. 5. Labour resources are the physical and mental talents that people can make available for production. 6. Opportunity cost is the value of the best alternative surrendered when a choice is made. 7. Absolute prices are prices in terms of some monetary unit. 8. Relative prices are the prices of goods or resources in terms of each other, and are computed by dividing their absolute prices by one another. 9. Economic efficiency is achieved when we produce the combination of outputs with the highest attainable total value, given our limited resources. 10. Inputs are resources used in the production process, such as labour and raw or semifinished materials. 11. Outputs are transformed materials; the results of production. 12. Demand is the quantity of a specific good that people are willing and able to buy during a specific period, given the choices available. 13. Supply refers to the quantity of a specific good that sellers will provide under alternative conditions during a given period. 18 14. Market equilibrium occurs at the price-quantity combination where the quantities demanded and supplied are equal. 15. A surplus is the excess of the quantity supplied over quantity demanded when the price is above equilibrium. 16. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total market value of goods and services produced within a country during some period, usually one year. 17. Gross National Product (GNP) is the value of all output produced by resources owned by the citizens of a country. 18. Economic growth is a positive quantitative change in an economic system; occurs when a society acquires greater produc- tive capacity that can be used for consumption or investment. 19. Capital is all physical improvements made to natural resources that facilitate production, including buildings and all machinery and equipment. 20. Wealth is the value of the assets owned by an individual or a group of individuals. Jokes about Economics and Economists 1. An economist is an expert who will know tomorrow why the things he predicted yesterday didn’t happen today. 2. A study of economics usually reveals that the best time to buy anything is last year. 3. An economist is someone who sees something wor- king in practice and asks whether it would work in principle. 4. How can you tell when an economist is lying? His lips are moving. 5. A party of economists was climbing in the Alps. After several hours they became hopelessly lost. One of them studied the map for some time, turning it up and down, sighting on distant landmarks, consulting his compass, and finally the sun. Finally he said, “OK, see that big mountain over there?” “Yes”, answered the others eagerly. “Well, according to the map, we’re standing on top of it.” 19 LESSON 3 MARKETING In modern terms, marketing is defined as the movement of goods and services from manufacturer to consumer in order to satisfy the customer and to achieve the company’s objectives. It can be considered as dynamic field that involves a wide variety of activities. The ABC of marketing is the so-called marketing mix. It includes four P’s: product, price, placement, and promotion. Product (service) is often connected with development of a new product or service, searching the potential markets, and, finally, introduction it to the market. Target market selection is the most important task for any firm. A target market is a group of individuals who will probably buy the product. That involves the development of a marketing strategy . A successful marketing mix depends on the knowledge about consumers and their buying habits, gained through market research as well as correct identification of the target market. Price is the most changeable element of all the four P’s. Its definition is exchange of something of value for something else. There are three pricing options the company may take: above, with or below the prices its competitor are charging. For example, if the average price for blue jeans is $ 50, a company that charges $ 50, has priced with the market , a company that charges $ 47 has priced below the market, and a company that charged $ 53 has priced above the market. Most companies price with the market, selling their goods and services for average prices established by major producers in the industry known as price leaders. Placement involves getting the product or service to the customer. This takes place through thechannels of distribution. A common channel of distribution is: Manufacturer → wholesaler → retailer→customer. 20 Promotion includes all kinds of communication with individuals, groups, or organizations to directly or indirectly facilitate exchange by informing and persuading them to accept an organization product or service. There are two major ways promotion occurs: through personal selling, as in a store; and through advertising, as in a newspaper. One should distinguishadvertising campaign which can be developed by personnel within the firm or in conjuctions with advertising agencies, and publicity. That is the means of communication transmitted through a mass media at no charge. All marketing activities must be oriented toward creating and sustaining satisfying exchanges. Both the buyer and the seller must be satisfied. The first should be satisfied with goods, services or ideas obtained in the exchange. The seller should receive something of value, usually financial reward. All marketing variables are highly interrelated. Marketing helps companies generate profit, the lifeblood of economy. About half of each concumer dollar is spent on marketing activities. VOCABULARY Customer клиент müştəri Consumer потребитель İ stehlakçı Objective задача , цель tapşırıq Marketing strategy маркетинговаястратегия bazar strategiyası Marketing research исследованиерынка bazaar tədqiqatı Option Выбор seçim Competitor конкурент rəqib Retailer розничныйторговец xırda ticarətçi Advertising реклама (платная) ödənişlireklam Publicity реклама (бесплатная) ödənişsizreklam Satisfy Удовлетворять qaneetmək Charge назначатьцену qiyməttəyin etmək Determine Определять müəyyən etmək Distinguish Различать fərqləndirmək Take place происходить baş vermək Persuade убеждать inandırmaq 21 Transmit передавать ötürmək Target market целевой рынок məqsədli, müəyyən məqsəd üçün olan bazar Promotion продвижение товара илиуслуги mal və xidmətlərin irəli çəkilməsi Advertising campaign рекламная кампания reklam kompaniyası Communicate передавать информацию məlumat ötürmək Placement размещение yerləşdirmək Exercise 1 Answer the Question 1. What is marketing? 2. What are the elements of marketi 3. What are three pricing options that a company may take? 4. What does placement involve? 5. What is the differece between advertising and publicity? Exercise 2. Give the Azerbaijan and Russian equiva lents of the phrases. 1. the movements of goods 2. from manufacturer to consumer 3. to satisfy the customer 4. to achieve the company’s objectives 5. to involve a wide variety of activities 6. to search the potential markets 7. to introduce product or service to the market 8. to depend on the knowledge about consumers 9. market research 10. changeableelement 11. price above the market 12. channels of distribution 13. advertising campaign 14. to transmit through a mass media 15. to spend on marketing activities 22 Exercise 3.Remember the explanations of the words in English Marketing mix The combination of four P’s Option Choice Objective Goal Competitor Rival, opponent Channel of distribution The path goods take when moveng from manufacturer to customer Wholesaler One who sells in large amounts to retailers Retailer One who sells in small amounts to customers Promotion Communication between buyer and seller Satisfy Please Charge Set at a price Price with the market Charge an average price Persuade Convince Take place Occur, happen Personal Private,relating to an individual Exercise 4. Choose the correct words 1. Identification / identify A. Market analysts _______the target market for a Yüklə 1,26 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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