Science and Education in Karakalpakstan issn 2181-9203 Science Magazine chief editor

Science and Education in Karakalpakstan. 2023 №2/1 ISSN 2181-9203 
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by folk masters since ancient times are conventional images of nature and reality, they have their 
own rules. 
Girikh
is a complex pattern with a strict meaning. The master can direct the lines in any 
direction when drawing an Islamic copy. If he doesn't like it, he turns it off and fills the empty 
spaces with flowers, buds or leaves. So, the master is in control of his work in Islamic painting. 
When drawing a drawing, the master is subordinate to the drawing. Because every circle is created 
based on geometrical conditions. Geometric patterns are very common in the countries of Central 
Asia and the Middle East (2-67b). It impresses itself with its complexity and lack of clear legality, 
with its modesty and restraint. If girikh and Islamic are used together in the decoration of any 
building, girikh is the first thing that catches our eye. 
In the 14th - 15th centuries, tiling developed, and the decoration of the built buildings with 
tiles and rivets became popular. It was possible to create wonderful patterns from tiles and rivets, 
such as the Shahizinda complex in Samarkand, Ashratkhana, Ok Saray, and others. In the 15th 
century, the art of painting developed further. As a result, the kundal technique appeared and 
developed in painting. In Samarkand, the interior of Ashratkhana, Oksaroy mausoleums and other 
architectural monuments were decorated in the Kundal style. 
Kundal
is a technique of wall relief in architecture. Widespread in architecture. The red cut 
applied to the wall with paint takes an embossed shape, and paint and gilding are applied over it. the 
surface is gilded, and the main elements of the relief pattern are painted in different colors, or vice 
versa, the relief pattern is gilded, and the surface is painted in different colors. From the 15th 
century, the Ashratkhana mausoleum in Samarkand and the Amir mausoleums in Bukhara have 
kept attractive specimens. In the middle ground, decorations in the kundal technique are widely 
distributed. By the 16th-17th centuries, plot paintings were almost not drawn, but decorated with 
patterns in the kundal style. 
Between the 16th and 18th centuries, internal wars and disputes had a negative impact on 
the development of culture. This also affected the development of national painting art. With the 
emergence of Bukhoro, Khiva, and Kokan khanates, artists began to gather in these cities. Since 
then, painting has flourished in an unprecedented way as a folk art. Khudoyar Khan's Horde in 
Kokon, large buildings like Sitorai Mohi-Khosa in Bukhara were decorated with magnificent 
patterns. In this period, large-scale patterned compositions appeared. These ornaments were 
extremely elegant. Colorful development of the art of painting, each city and oasis has its own 
school of painting. Fergana, Tashkent, Khorezm, Samarkand and others. In the 19th and early 20th 
centuries, residential buildings, neighborhood mosques, buildings of palaces and educational 
institutions, walls and ceilings of teahouses were decorated with silent patterns. Especially on the 
surface of the walls trees, bouquets, flower bouquets, flower branches were decorated with lively 
lines. As an example of this, we can mention the patterns on the porch of the Museum of Folk Art in 
Tashkent. 

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