Semasiology

TYPES OF MEANING

It is more or less universally recognized that word-meaning is not homogeneous but is made up of various components the combination and the interrelation of which determine to a great extent the inner facet of the word. These components are usually described as types of meaning. The two main types of meaning that are readily observed are the grammatical and the lexical meanings to be found in words and word-forms. We notice, e.g., that word-forms such as girls, winters, joys, tables etc.though denoting widely different objects of reality have something in common. This common element is the grammatical meaning of plurality, which can be found in all of them. Thus grammatical meaning may be defined as the com­ponent of meaning recurrent in identical sets of individual forms of different words as, e.g., the tense meaning in the word-forms of verbs (asked, thought, walked, etc.) or the case meaning in the word-forms of various nouns girl’s, boy's, night's, etc.)
So, grammatical meaning can be defined as an expression in speech of relationship between words based on contrastive features of arrangements in which they occur.
Comparing word-forms of one and the same word we observe that besides grammatical meaning, there is another component of meaning to be found in them. Unlike the grammatical meaning this component is identical in all the forms of the word. Thus e.g. the word-forms go, goes, went, going, gone possess different grammatical meanings of tense, person and so on, but in each of these forms we find one and the same semantic component denoting the process of movement. This is the lexical meaning of the word which may be described as the component of meaning proper to the word as a linguistic unit, i.e. recurrent in all the forms of this word and in all the possible distributions of these forms
So, lexical meaning is the realization of the notion by means of a definite language system.Proceeding with the semantic analysis we observe that lexical meaning is not homogeneous and may be analysed as including denotational and connotational components. The component of the lexical meaning that makes communication possible is the denotational meaning. It is sometimes called denotative or referential meaning because this meaning serves as linguistic expression for a notion, or as a name for an actually existing object referred to by a word. The second component of the lexical meaning is the connotational component, i.e. the emotive charge and the sty­listic value of the word. The emotive charge is one of the objective semantic fea­tures proper to words as linguistic units and forms part of the connotational component of meaning. The capacity of the word to evoke or directly express emotion is rendered by emotive charge, which is emotional and expressive component of meaning.
Words differ not only in their emotive charge but also in their stylistic reference. Stylistically words can be roughly subdivided into literary and non-literary layers
The greater part of the literary layer of Modern English vocabulary are words of general use, possessing no specific stylistic reference and known as neutral words. Against the background of neutral words we can distinguish two major subgroups : standard colloquial words and literary or bookish words.This may be best illustrated by comparing words almost identical in their denotational meaning, e.g. “parent—father—dad”. In comparison with the word father which is stylistically neutral, dad stands out as colloquial and parent is felt as bookish. The stylistic reference of standard colloquial words is chiefly observed when we compare them with their neutral synonyms, e.g. сhum--friend, rot--nonsense, etc. This is also true of literary or bookish words, such as e.g. to presume (cf. to suppose), to anticipate (cf. to expect) and others
Literary (bookish) words are not stylistically homogenous. Besides general literary (bookish words, e.g. harmony, calamity, alacrity, etc., we may single out various specific subgroups namely:

1. 
   terms or scientific words such as, e.g. renaissance, genocide, teletype, etc.;
   
2. 
   poetic words and archaisms such as, e.g., whilome -'formerly', aught—anything', ere-'before', albeit-although, fare -'walk', etc, tarry-'remain', nay-'no';
   
3. 
   barbarisms and foreign words such as. e.g., bon mot—'a clever or witty saying, apropos, pas, bouquet, etc.
   

The non-literary words may be subdivided into:

1. 
   Slang, i.e. words which are often regarded as a violation of the norms of Standard English, e.g. governor for 'father', missus for 'wife', a gag for a joke, dotty for insane.
   
2. 
   Professionalisms, i.e. words used in narrow groups bound by the same occupation, such as, e.g., lab for laboratory'. hypo for hypodermic syringe, a buster for a bomb, etc.
   
3. 
   Jargon, i.e. words marked by their use within а particular social group and bearing a secret and cryptic character, e.g. a sucker -'a person who is еasilу deceived', a squiffer— a concertina’.
   
4. 
   Vulgarisms. i.e. coarse words that are not generally used in public, e.g. bloody. hell, damn, shut up, etc.