Stylistics is a branch of General Linguistics

Onomatopoeia is a combination of speech sounds which in case of its direct variety imitates sounds produced in nature {ding- dong, cuckoo, buzz), and in case of indirect makes — sounds an echo of their sense. An interesting example is the poem by E. Poe “The Bells” in which the whole of the text is built on onomato­ poeic effects, both direct and indirect.
Hear the sledges with the bells —
Silver bells!
What a world of merriment their melody foretells!
How they tinkle, tinkle, tinkle, In the icy air o f night!
While the stars that oversprinkle A ll the heavens, seem to twinkle With a crystalline delight;
Keeping time, time, time, In a sort o f Runic rhyme,
To the tintinnabulation that so musically wells From the bells, bells, bells, bells,
Bells, bells, bells —
From the jingling and the tinkling of the bells.
The combination of speech sounds in this poem aims to imitate a beautiful tinkling of the bells. Direct onomatopoeia is presented by the words — tinkle, jingling, tintinnabulation. Indirect onomatopoeia is created by repeating the words bells, time, the stylistic effect of which is strengthened by rhythm and rhyme. It is of interest to note that a deliberate arrangement of speech into regularly recurring units makes rhythm a stylistic device. Here the rhythmical pattern serves to imitate the bells vibration, thus inten­ sifying the musical effect and stirring up the reader’s emotions of enjoyment.

1. 
   LE X IC A L ST Y L IST IC S
   

Lexical Stylistics deals with the problem of stylistic differentiation of the vocabulary, the notion of stylistic meanings and their typology. The English vocabulary can be classified from a stylistic point of view into three groups: neutral, colloquial, literary. Colloquial and literary layers are subdivided into the following subgroups: the literary vocabulary consists of: 1) common literary words; 2) terms and learned words; 3) poetic words; 4) archaic words; 5) barbarisms and foreign words; 6) literary coinages. The colloquial vocabulary consists of: 1) slang; 2) jargonisms; 3) professional words; 4) dialectual words; 6) vulgar words; 7) colloquial coinages.
So, the English vocabulary may be represented as a definite system of words differentiated according to their stylistic properties and the spheres of usage (a detailed analysis of stylistic differentiation of the English vocabulary is given in T.R. Galperin’s “Stylistics”).
It is common knowledge that the lexical meaning of a word is a very complex unit including both denotative and connotative (stylistic) meanings. The denotative meaning (referentional), as is known, deals with the notional part of the semantic structure o f a word, while the connotative (stylistic) meaning includes emotive, evaluative, image-bearing and expressive com ponents of the meaning. Accordingly, the English vocabulary can be divided into the following groups:

• 
  neutral words expressing only denotative meanings {table, window, room, picture, kook, door, house, etc);
  

• 
  emotive and evaluative words. These word*", are combined within one group because emotiveness and evaluation are closely bound together and complexly intertwined {disgusting, awful, amazing, lovely, intelligent, fashionable, horrible, etc.);
  
• 
  bearing words with transferred meanings: angel, lamb, parrot, worm, fox, etc. (about a person).
  

Lexical Stylistics also discusses lexical stylistic devices
which are differentiated according to the types of lexical meanings. The following classification of lexical stylistic devices is suggested by I.R. Galperin:

• 
  stylistic devices based on interaction of primary dictionary
  

and contextually imposed meanings: metaphor, metonymy, irony;

• 
  stylistic devices based on interaction of primary dictionary and derivative logical meanings: zeugma and pun;
  
• 
  stylistic devices based on interaction of logical and emotive meanings: epithet, oxymoron, hyperbole.
  
• 
  a stylistic device based on interaction of logical and nominal meanings: antonomasia.
  

All these stylistic devices will be put into a closer examination
in the subsequent chapters of the manual. Here it should be stressed that the stylistic potential of these devices can be realized only within the context.

2. 
   STY LISTIC S O F W O R D -FO R M A TIO N
   

This area of studies seems to be less investigated, although the stylistic potential of word-formation is very high (Ашурова, 1991). Stylistics of Word-formation deals with the problems of the stylistic potential of derivatives created by means of affixation and word-compounding, the stylistic value of such peculiar features of derivation as segmentation, motivation, synonymic and antonymic relations, syntactic variation and stylistic devices based on the specific features of derivative words.

The stylistic meaning of derivatives depends both on stem and affixal morphemes. The analysis of the language material makes it possible to single out some suffixes and prefixes charged
As has been mentioned before, the stylistic meaning o f a derivative word depends on such properties as motivation, divisi­ bility, synonymic and antonymic relations, transposition. It is now common knowledge that a derivative word, being o f a composite character, is divisible both formally and semantically. Here are some examples illustrating the stylistic use of this quality: