Tashkent University of Information Technologies named after Muhammad al-Khwarizmi

Tashkent University of Information Technologies named after Muhammad al-Khwarizmi

Assignment N1

Topic: MODERN PROCESSORS USED IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMS.

Group: 214-21.

Student: Amirov Bekzod
Teacher: Christo Ananth


Toshkent 2023
Topic: Modern processors used in embedded systems.
Plan:
I. Introduction to Embedded Systems
II. Overview of Modern Processors
III. Common Processor Architectures in Embedded Systems

1. 
   ARM architecture
   
2. 
   x86 architecture
   
3. 
   Other architectures (optional)
   

IV. Key Considerations in Processor Selection
V. Conclusion


I. Introduction to Embedded Systems
Embedded systems are computer systems designed to perform specific tasks within larger systems or devices. They are typically dedicated to a particular function and are integrated into the hardware of the host system. Embedded systems are often found in everyday devices, such as consumer electronics, automotive systems, industrial equipment, medical devices, and more.
Characteristics of embedded systems include:

1. 
   Purpose-specific: Embedded systems are designed to perform specific functions or tasks, such as controlling a device or collecting sensor data. They are tailored to meet the requirements of the application they serve.
   
2. 
   Dedicated hardware: Embedded systems typically have dedicated hardware components optimized for their specific tasks. These components can include microcontrollers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), or application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs).
   
3. 
   Real-time operation: Many embedded systems require real-time operation, meaning they must respond to external events within strict timing constraints. Real-time systems often have deadlines to meet and must process and respond to inputs in a timely manner.
   
4. 
   Low power consumption: Embedded systems are often designed to operate on limited power sources, such as batteries or energy-efficient power supplies. Power optimization techniques are employed to extend battery life and reduce energy consumption.
   
5. 
   Limited resources: Embedded systems typically have limited resources, including memory, processing power, and storage capacity. These constraints require efficient programming and optimization techniques to ensure effective operation within the available resources.
   
6. 
   Reliability and robustness: Embedded systems are often deployed in critical applications where failure can have serious consequences. They need to be reliable and robust, capable of operating in harsh environments and withstanding variations in operating conditions.
   
7. 
   Integration with physical world: Embedded systems interact with the physical world through sensors and actuators. They collect data from sensors, process it, and control the behavior of the embedded device through actuators. This interaction enables them to monitor and control physical processes.
   
8. 
   Limited user interface: Embedded systems may have a limited user interface, as they are often designed for specific tasks and may not require extensive user interaction. User interfaces can range from simple buttons and LEDs to more complex displays and touchscreens, depending on the application.
   

Overall, embedded systems play a vital role in various industries and applications, providing dedicated functionality, real-time operation, and reliable performance in the devices and systems we use every day.
Processors play a crucial role in embedded systems and are often considered the "brain" of these systems. Here are some key reasons why processors are important in embedded systems:

1. 
   Data Processing: Processors are responsible for executing the software instructions and performing the necessary computations in an embedded system. They process data from various sources, such as sensors, user inputs, or communication interfaces, and perform calculations, transformations, filtering, and other operations as required by the application.
   
2. 
   Control and Decision Making: Embedded systems often require real-time control and decision-making capabilities. Processors enable the execution of control algorithms, feedback loops, and decision-making logic based on the inputs received from sensors or other sources. They determine the system's behavior and response to external events, enabling the embedded system to perform its intended functions.
   
3. 
   System Integration: Processors facilitate the integration of different subsystems and components within an embedded system. They enable communication and coordination among various hardware peripherals, such as memory, input/output interfaces, communication interfaces, and other subsystems. Processors provide the interface between software and hardware, allowing seamless interaction and coordination of system components.
   
4. 
   Flexibility and Adaptability: Embedded systems often require the ability to adapt to changing requirements or environments. Processors provide the necessary flexibility to update the system's behavior by modifying or updating the software running on them. This allows for software upgrades, bug fixes, and the addition of new features without requiring extensive hardware changes.
   
5. 
   Power Optimization: Power consumption is a critical consideration in many embedded systems, especially in battery-powered or energy-constrained devices. Processors with power management features, such as low-power modes and dynamic frequency scaling, enable efficient power utilization. They can adjust their operating frequency and voltage based on the workload, conserving energy and extending battery life.
   
6. 
   Performance Optimization: Processors with high-performance capabilities can handle complex computations, data processing, and real-time operations required by demanding embedded applications. They enable efficient execution of software algorithms, enabling faster response times, smoother operation, and improved overall performance of the embedded system.
   
7. 
   System Security: Processors play a vital role in ensuring the security of embedded systems. They support security features such as encryption, secure boot, secure communication protocols, and access control mechanisms. Processors with built-in security features enhance the system's resilience against unauthorized access, tampering, and data breaches.
   

In summary, processors are integral to the functioning of embedded systems. They provide the computational power, control capabilities, system integration, flexibility, power optimization, performance, and security features necessary to meet the specific requirements of embedded applications.