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activities which may be undertaken by teachers and children in parks and adventure
centres. According to Zink and Burrows (2008) outdoor
education, ’does occur in the
outdoors but…it can occur in classrooms and on the sports field at school.
Nevertheless, students and teachers alike can readily claim the other activities such as
sport that occur on the same outdoor fields are not outdoor education’ (p. 252). Outdoor
pursuits/education or wilderness sports are intended to provide participants with
experience and skills to enjoy and care for our natural environment.
Outdoor activities
include rock climbing/ bouldering, hill walking, caving, snorkelling, surfing, kayaking,
backpacking, boating, camping, canoeing,
fly casting, orienteering, wilderness trek, and
more. Outdoor pursuits will normally require additional
qualifications for teachers, and
usually may only include a small number of pupils in extra-curricular time in an off-site
setting (Martin, 2000). Stiehl and Parker (2010) describe the difference between
outdoor education
and adventure education as, outdoor education places ‘greater
emphasis on skill development. Whereas adventure education emphasises symbolic
activities such as rope challenge ropes courses and new games,
outdoor education
focuses more on explicit knowledge and skills that are pertinent to a specific outdoor
activity’ (p. 249). They point to the similarity between both as their focus on personal
and group development.
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