http://databank.worldbank.org/data/home.aspx. * Asian Development Bank (ADB) online
database ‘Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2012’, available at www.adb.org/statistics
The engine of growth during this period was FDI inflows in the mining and hydroelectricity sectors and
10
With limited physical capital stock and low population growth, labor forces have been
increasingly absorbed into the industrial sector, thereby stimulating the productivity growth
in the Lao economy. The productivity growth is reflected in the rising real GDP per capita
from US$243 in 1990–1995 to US$509 in 2006–2011. The fast growth period in the Lao
economy cannot be achieved without macroeconomic stability. The average inflation rate was
held to single digit over 2006–2011, marking a huge improvement over average inflation of
57% during 1996–2000. The exchange rate was also stable in the corresponding period. Low
inflation rate coupled with stable exchange rate can increase the confidence of holding Lao
kip instead of US dollar or Thai baht for economic transactions in Laos. Reducing the
holdings of foreign currencies is essential to implement effective monetary policy, and
thereby maintaining macroeconomic stabilization conducive for growth.
Even though Laos has been maintaining high economic growth, low inflation and a stable
exchange rate, serious macroeconomic challenges remain. Firstly, Laos has faced chronic
twin deficits in government and trade balances. Over 2006–2011, the budget and trade deficit
accounted for about 2.53% and 5.41% of GDP, respectively. The budget deficit is mainly
financed by official development assistance (ODA), while the trade deficit is compensated by
foreign direct investment (FDI) and remittances. The fiscal situation is not strong in Laos,
and continued increases in budget deficits could accelerate inflation and lower the value of
the kip (Lao currency), potentially leading to the type of economic instability experienced
during the Asian financial crisis. Secondly, there is a huge gap between savings and
investment. The savings rate is low because average income is low—GDP per capita was
about US$580 in 2007 (World Bank, 2008)—and because financial sectors are
underdeveloped. The banking sectors are inhabited by the state commercial banks, which are
not fully performing important banking functions.
6
Thirdly, Laos also faces a high external
debt burden. Accumulated external debt accounted for more than 90% of GDP in 2006–2011.
If Laos becomes too dependent upon foreign finance, potential difficulties meeting its debt
obligations could cause an external debt crisis and lead to macroeconomic instability. Rapid
expansion of the resource sectors in Laos must therefore be accounted for when considering
macroeconomic management in Laos. Fourthly, as Lao economy highly depends only
resources sectors
7
, it will limit growth of non-resources sector and will have negative long-
term impact called “Dutch disease”
8
.
Four main aspects of Dutch disease can be detected: (1) real exchange rate appreciation; (2)
declining input of factors into non-booming sectors; (3) declining exports and output in non-
booming sectors, associated with; (4) declining real GDP (Corden, 1984;Corden and
Neary,1982). Data constraints lead us to looks for the presence of Dutch disease in terms of
real exchange rate appreciation and declining labor productivity. According to the World
Bank (2010), the real effective exchange rate appreciated by a total of 50% between 2001 and
6
More details about financial issues, and monetary and exchange rate policies in Laos are discussed in
Kyophilavong (2010).
7
According to the World Bank (2010), the resources sector contributed about 2.5 percentage points to the
growth rate over 2005 to 2010. The resources sector accounted for about 70% of all exports in 2010, a share that
is expected to increase under expected ongoing development in the hydroelectricity and mining sectors.
Revenues from resource sectors as a share of total revenues rose to 2.6% of GDP in 2010, a share that is
expected to rise under continued growth in the sector.
8
The two main effects of Dutch disease are (1) the spending effect and (2) the resource movement effect. The
increase in government expenditures in the non-tradable sector stimulates demand in this sector, causing prices
in the sector to rise relative to prices in the tradable sector. This causes real exchange rate appreciation. The
resource movement effect occurs when increased profitability in the booming sector attracts resources (capital
and labor), leading to an increase in the price of these factors.
11
2009.
9
Labor productivity in Laos was stagnant between 2005 and 2006 relative to other
countries in the same income group (World Bank, 2010). Manufacturing exporters are less
profitable than non-exports because exporters face elastic world demand and have more
difficulty adjusting to higher labor and trade costs. Real wages have been growing in both the
private and public sectors in recent years. In this sense, the natural resources boom can be
said to have negatively impacted labor productivity, especially among manufacturing
exporters. The symptoms of Dutch disease will become much more prominent as revenues
from the resource sector increase over the medium run.
Given the potential setback of resource-based growth strategy in Laos, policies to enhance
international trade and promote FDI inflows seem a clear means to boost the domestic
production and integrate the country into the regional and global economy, and thereby
remove Laos from of the list of less developed country. It is not enough that Laos opens its
markets for foreign investors. What is more critical is to keep them in the country particularly
if the intention is to attract export oriented foreign investment. Building the necessary
infrastructure support for investment is still crucial. This involves credible efforts to provide
an operating environment conducive for transnational operations and reduce high transaction
costs associated with inefficiencies in infrastructure. In this regard, launching initiatives on
public-private partnerships for infrastructure in Laos is encouraging. That is, the
collaboration between public and private sectors with clear agreement on shared objectives
for delivery of public infrastructure can serve as the key engine of facilitating trade and
investment. By doing so, Laos will be able to enhance not only the competitiveness of
domestic firms, but also to attract FDI seeking for the production base. As trade costs become
lower, the small country size is no longer the FDI constraint because affiliate production by
multinationals could be exported to foreign countries, especially ASEAN countries.
Finally, it is widely recognized that the multinationals are physical capital and skilled labour
intensive. This suggests that Laos needs to pursue the reform on legal environment relating to
FDI and to invest more on human resource development. Further improvements in the legal
environment can potentially make Laos a more attractive foreign investment destination. In
particular, the Lao government should provide a long-term and consistent policy environment
for foreign investors. That is, the favourable environment must be absolutely free from
frequent changes. Formulating a single legal framework for regulating all forms of
investments and removing discriminatory treatment could provide favourable business
climate to prospective investors. Regarding the human capital development, training and re-
training of the labour force should continue to be high on the agenda. A number of skilled
workers must be trained with well qualified instructors coupled with modern training
facilities, which might be done through the co-operation with domestic and foreign expertise.
Therefore, improving legal environment and developing human resources are extremely
important to reap the full benefits from inward FDI and pave the way for future
industrialization of the country.
Dostları ilə paylaş: