2.5. Opportunities and Challenges of ASEAN
1. ASEAN
There are both opportunities and challenges associated with the ambitious economic
integration initiative among ASEAN nations. The deepening economic integration in
ASEANthrough the implementation of AFTA in 1993 has generated trade flows among its
members (Ariyasajjakornet al., 2009). However, intra-ASEAN trade is very low relative to
that of other intra-regional trade blocs, namely, the European Union (EU) and the North
American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (Ozeki, 2008, p. 28). This indicates that there is
still some room to boost intra-ASEAN trade, especially by strengthening the existing ASEAN
production network and incorporating CLMV into such production network. Nonetheless,
any policy to enhance intra-ASEAN trade should be carefully considered as it could generate
trade diversion rather than having a trade creation effect. An empirical study by Hapsari and
Mangunsung (2006) suggests that AFTA might be causing some trade diversion and shifting
trade from countries outside the trade bloc to possibly less efficient countries inside the trade
bloc.
To go beyond AFTA, ASEAN leaders agreed to formthe ASEAN Economic Community
(AEC) in 2015, which would improve the efficiency and competitiveness of ASEAN
countries since this arrangement provides the benefit of scale economies and dynamic
efficiency through the free movement of goods and services, investment, and skilled
labor.While the diversity in ASEAN provides a great opportunity to exploit much
comparative advantage, it is a great challenge as well. In particular, there is a large income
gapbetween ASEAN-6 and CLMV. To address this issue, Menon (2012) suggests that there
is a need to increase the pace and breadth of trade and investment policy reforms and to
address labor mobility including skilled and non-skilled labor. Without such reforms, it is
unlikely that CLMV would fully benefit from the formation of AEC.
The rising economic integration in East Asia also brings about opportunities as well as
challenges for ASEAN. Although ASEAN as a whole is large, it is still much smaller than the
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combined market size of the three East Asian countries, namely, China, Japan, and the
Republic of Korea. China andJapan are the world’s second and third largest economies,
respectively, and theRepublic of Korea ranks among the world’s fifteen largest economies
(Estrada et al., 2011, p. 3).Greater economic integration in East Asia would also include
India, New Zealand, and Australia. The formation of ASEAN+6 FTA could generate the
largest gains to East Asia among the plausible regional trade agreements (Kawai and
Wignaraja, 2008).The ASEAN framework offers the possibility of pooling scarce capacity
and resources in the region’s low-income economies, namely, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao
PDR, Philippines, and Vietnam. Nonetheless, the serious challenge facing individual ASEAN
countries is the competition between domestic products and imported products from China.
ASEAN will increasingly face intense competitive pressure from China, especially in labour-
intensive products.
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