The effects of diabetes mellitus include long-term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs



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Glucokinase MODY requires no treatment, while transcription factor MODY (i.e. Hepatocyte nuclear factor -1alpha) requires low-dose sulfonylurea therapy and PNDM (caused by Kir6.2 mutation) requires high-dose sulfonylurea therapy.



Secondary causes of Diabetes mellitus include:

  • Secondary causes of Diabetes mellitus include:

  • Acromegaly,

  • Cushing syndrome,

  • Thyrotoxicosis,

  • Pheochromocytoma

  • Chronic pancreatitis,

  • Cancer

  • Drug induced hyperglycemia:

    • Atypical Antipsychotics - Alter receptor binding characteristics, leading to increased insulin resistance.
    • Beta-blockers - Inhibit insulin secretion.
    • Calcium Channel Blockers - Inhibits secretion of insulin by interfering with cytosolic calcium release.
    • Corticosteroids - Cause peripheral insulin resistance and gluconeogensis.
    • Fluoroquinolones - Inhibits insulin secretion by blocking ATP sensitive potassium channels.
    • Naicin - They cause increased insulin resistance due to increased free fatty acid mobilization.
    • Phenothiazines - Inhibit insulin secretion.
    • Protease Inhibitors - Inhibit the conversion of proinsulin to insulin.
    • Thiazide Diuretics - Inhibit insulin secretion due to hypokalemia. They also cause increased insulin resistance due to increased free fatty acid mobilization.



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