The formation and specific characteristics of the labor market in uzbekistan table of contents

Regulation of the labor market

, the relationship between employers and hired employees takes a central place in determining the employment and working conditions of the population, solving one or another social problem, and eliminating social and labor conflicts. In the labor market, these relations are regulated on the basis of collective, personal and regional methods. Collective agreements are based on the "Labor Code" of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Convention and recommendations of the International Labor Organization. As stated in the Convention of the International Labor Organization (paragraph 54), "Collective negotiations, on the one hand, with events, groups of entrepreneurs, and on the other hand, between one or more organizations of workers: a) determination of working conditions and employment; b) regulation of relations between entrepreneurs and workers; c) refers to all negotiations conducted for the purposes of regulating relations between entrepreneurs or their organizations and the organization or organizations of workers.
are extremely flexible , they cannot be compared to the legislative, judicial or administrative methods.
A personal contract concluded with an employee is very useful for the employer. The individual contract system allows to determine the working conditions of the worker and the wages paid to him depending on this person. According to collective agreements , this cannot be done. At the same time, the private agreement that is concluded in many cases deprives the workers of a large part of their social guarantees.
of labor market models and the abandonment of previously existing social guarantees for permanent workers, it may lead to a number of other negative consequences. In particular, in the labor markets of developed countries , it is becoming a rule to replace the permanent workforce with temporary or part-time employees (young people, women, disabled people, etc. ). Naturally, representatives of these social groups are less socially protected and are not covered by collective agreements. Therefore, the state should monitor the development of personal advertising forms of hiring, especially in the conditions of transition of economic management to market relations. Otherwise, as a result of growing discontent, the state will be forced to significantly increase social payments for unemployment.
We should consider the last case separately. Because in our republic, on the one hand, the private entrepreneurship and business of employing workers is not well developed, and on the other hand, the number of unemployed is increasing among the low-income and insufficiently protected workers.
requires the research of new, effective territorial methods of regulating socio-economic relations in the labor market, dividing them into regions with surplus and shortage of labor resources.
Considering the increase in the demand for labor force and the decrease in its supply as more effective methods of regulating the market for the regions of the republic with excess labor resources, first of all, Andijan, Fergana, Namangan, Tashkent, Samarkand, Kashkadarya, Surkhandarya, Bukhara and Khorezm regions necessary.
look at what these methods are :
a) method of increasing demand for labor force.
, the number of employees - workers who are released from production is increasing mainly due to the privatization and expropriation of property from the state, structural changes in our economy, the termination of small enterprises, the achievements of scientific and technical development and the introduction of intensive technologies. .
The implementation of methods of stimulating the increase in the demand for labor is aimed at ensuring the reasonable employment of labor resources and the development of effective industries for these regions.
Creation of jobs for processing, storage and purchase of agricultural products and provision of agroservices and personal labor activities, development of production forces and non-traditional forms of employment, existing enterprises for persons temporarily dismissed from work in the agrarian sector direct investments for the purpose of expansion and renovation and creation of new jobs are the main directions of investment application.
The increase in the demand for labor force can be regulated by creating jobs in sectors interested in the redistribution of labor resources of the agro-industrial complex, and by directly attracting investments in the renovation of the existing ones and the acquisition of new modern enterprises. Grants , subsidies and loans for the construction, technical upgrading and reconstruction of enterprises in the agro-industrial complex, especially processing enterprises, to expand the field of service through the development of personal labor activity, as well as women with many children. It is desirable to guide the creation of suitable workplaces for working pensioners , disabled people , teenagers and others. In this way, it is possible to attract excess labor resources to the above-mentioned industries and some special jobs, and at the same time, it is possible to directly influence the professional and skill composition of the workforce.
Creation of temporary jobs and development of various forms of ownership is one of the most important directions of increasing employment of the population. It is a measure to increase the economic interest of enterprises, reduce budget payments and social insurance contributions for temporary and partial employment of employees, facilitate the process of hiring them, and pay expenses related to the organization of non-traditional forms of employment. carried out with the help of events;
b) method of reducing the supply of labor force.
reducing the supply of labor , as well as reducing their influx into the labor market and encouraging departure, and by redistributing working hours and available jobs among those engaged in social production. In our republic, on the basis of the "National Program of Personnel Training", the expansion of general education programs and the extension of the period of study, the improvement of professional training, the increase of the number of full-time students in educational institutions, and the study of evening and part-time students reduction of wages, increase of stipends for those who are studying without being released from work, allowances for childcare for women and increase of the duration of education. To give them preference when calculating seniority; increasing the pensions of pensioners, disabled people and their caregivers is a measure to reduce the outflow of labor force in the labor market.
Working hours and jobs are redistributed among the employed in order to reduce the supply of the labor force. Encouraging the transition of the population to private and temporary forms of employment, establishing the types of social security intended for fully employed persons, the amount of vacations and social guarantees, training with the guaranteed minimum wage can be achieved by providing annual leave on time, reducing the length of the working day and working week.
the regions of our country where there is a shortage of labor force (Jizzakh, Syrdarya regions and the Republic of Karakalpakstan ) , reducing the demand for labor force and increasing their supply are appropriate methods of regulating the labor market.
The essence of these methods is as follows:
a) methods of reducing the demand for labor force
This group of methods includes the following measures of regional authorities to slow down the deployment of productive forces in one or another region and industry and the creation of new jobs: setting additional taxes for the use of excess labor; carrying out a strict credit policy; introducing a one-time fee for hiring an employee to the enterprise; incentives to reduce redundant workers and employees, etc. In addition, it is important to increase labor productivity and achieve savings in reducing the demand for labor forces.
Effective use of labor resources in the conditions of developed market relations should be ensured with the help of general economic mechanisms and levers, such as competition, profit sharing mechanism, tax policy. Taking into account that the general economic mechanisms for stimulating the improvement of the efficiency of industrial production are not well improved at present, it is appropriate to revise the previously introduced payments for labor resources. They help to improve the efficiency of the use of labor resources and reduce the number of out-of-state employees . Such fees are set by the enterprise and organization in the form of a fixed rate for out-of-state storage. At the same time, a special tax on social insurance (both as a percentage of the wage fund ) can be used to compensate for the costs of reproducing the labor force . Such a system of spending on the reproduction of labor force, adopted in most developed countries, represents intensive forms of the use of background labor and creates the necessary guarantees for the social protection of the employee in the labor market;
b) method of increasing labor supply.
In the current conditions, the development of the processing industry and service industries and branches, as well as the development of personal labor activities, can be a serious obstacle to the absolute increase of the labor force supply to the labor bureau.
In addition, at present, the supply of labor force does not respond to the growth rate of demand for active labor in the non-agricultural production sectors of the region's economy, either in terms of occupation or skill structure. Therefore, it is necessary to change the quality indicators of labor supply and increase its competitiveness in the labor market. For this purpose, it is necessary to develop a special program aimed at improving the skills of employees in the state employment service system and other educational institutions, improving vocational training in special courses at enterprises, and giving them incentives in tax payment to increase the competitiveness of local personnel . need
Stimulating labor supply is also done through the use of recruitment and placement assistance methods. These methods are organizational in nature and include the establishment of a data bank on vacancies and the number of citizens in need of employment and retraining, providing the population with information on employment opportunities, registering and accounting for the unemployed. , covering areas such as the development and implementation of vocational guidance measures. Among the more effective methods of redistribution of labor resources , it is possible to single out regulation of living standards. These methods are implemented on the basis of the organization of activities such as improving the working and housing conditions of employees, as well as the level of cultural and household services, at the expense of the financial resources of the regions.
The main goal of the development concept of the labor market in our republic, which is abundantly supplied with labor resources, is to reduce the employment of the working-age population, decrease labor productivity, and the presence of inflation. It consists in the development of complex measures to increase the demand for labor force and decrease its supply, such as the slow emergence of various forms of ownership, the slow implementation of structural changes in the economy, the decrease of real incomes. They will be developed based on the strategic goals of deep, structural and liberalizing reforms of the transitional national economy of Uzbekistan.
Taking this into account, the following can be defined as the strategic goals of this concept:

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  formation of step-by-step production of socially oriented labor market;
  
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  formation of a well-developed system of local and foreign employment service organizations that provide employment to the unemployed population and regulate the demand and supply of labor force;
  
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  implementation of deep economic-structural reforms that are the basis for creating new jobs, increasing the level of employment and effective use of production potential;
  
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  ensuring reasonable employment of the population;
  
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  creation of new jobs in the processing industry, service and personal labor sectors and creation of a region with guaranteed employment for teenagers, women with many children, pensioners and the disabled;
  
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  development of small and medium-sized business and private entrepreneurship, which ensures an increase in the demand for labor force and a decrease in unemployment;
  
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  development of rental, collective, contribution and private forms of ownership and personal auxiliary farms;
  
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  providing production and service with local and foreign effective technology and equipment;
  
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  creation of industrial enterprises and production - social infrastructure facilities;
  
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  implementation of qualification, competitiveness and sending of local employees abroad and formation of new economic, spiritual and educational thinking in them,
  
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  creation of opportunities to choose a voluntary and independent workplace and work for every unemployed person;
  
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  improvement of economic, organizational and legal mechanisms regulating processes in the labor market, unemployment and population employment.
  

In order to continuously achieve these goals, it is necessary to clearly define the main stages and tasks of the development of the labor market.
In the first stage of the development of the labor market (1991-1996), the following tasks were performed: the initial organizations of the labor exchange and the employment service were established, which were responsible for the calculation, analysis and future of unemployment and vacancies They are engaged in resettlement and retraining of non-residents, establishing and spending the employment support fund, creating new jobs by providing preferential loans within the framework of small and medium business and private entrepreneurship, and providing certain financial aid was provided, structural reforms were carried out in the sectors of the national economy, especially in agriculture, and conditions were created to end the "monopoly of cotton"; the legal bases of the number of hired employees and employers were created, etc.
there was a decrease in the level of employment of the population, an increase in unemployment, and an increase in the disparity between the demand for labor and the supply of flour.
The final result of this stage was the creation of socio-economic and organizational-legal conditions for the formation of the labor market.
increase the demand for labor by creating new non-agricultural jobs based on local investments and, if necessary, attracting foreign loans; organization of quota jobs for able-bodied teenagers, women with many children, pensioners and disabled people and ensuring their economic stimulation; providing permanent assistance to employers who create new jobs for unemployed persons; reducing labor supply by increasing its skills, competitiveness and exports; implementation of structural changes in the field of employment of the population based on the formation of various forms of mulching and carrying out deep reforms in the national economy; a sharp reduction in the tax rate from the level of wages and other sources of labor income; organization of market infrastructure of employment service; improvement of conclusion of labor contracts and others. All this will contribute to the significant growth of employment and the reduction of unemployment and the reduction of the difference between the demand for labor force and its supply .
In the third stage (2001-2005), it was envisaged to implement the following tasks: strengthening the implementation of measures aimed at increasing the demand for labor force and reducing its supply; creation of a powerful and rapidly developing system of employment service and its infrastructure; reduce unemployment to an acceptable level; to increase the qualification, competitiveness, social protection and export of unemployed local employees, to create effective organizational, economic and legal mechanisms for the regulation of the labor market, employment and unemployment, etc.
Fulfillment of the mentioned tasks leads to the formation of a socially oriented labor market.
At the next stage of the development of this market (2006-2010), it is possible to achieve a market balance between labor supply and demand.
All this is economic in terms of increasing the demand for labor force and decreasing its supply, which is aimed at the effective development of the labor market. A complex of social and organizational activities is embodied.