Allmark-Kent 93
Its origins lie in the 1860s and the questions arising from
Darwin’s work, but it
did not begin to coalesce into a scientific field until the 1880s. Nonetheless, its
Darwinian legacy can be seen in the fact that it was first known, not as animal
psychology, but
comparative
psychology.
In the later decades
of the nineteenth century, the great leap between
animal instinct and human reason demanded explanation in order for human
evolution and animal-human continuity to be entirely accepted. Thus, the
‘comparison’ of comparative psychology is between human and nonhuman
beings.
The exciting and controversial implications of Darwin’s
work galvanized
public interest very quickly, and suddenly the question of the animal minds
gained a new significance. In
From Darwin to Behaviourism: Psychology and
the Minds of Animals
(1984), Robert Boakes explains that in the 1860s and 70s,
the topic of animal intelligence became so “extraordinarily popular” that
“[c]ountless letters flowed in to scientific and popular journals,
reporting striking
observations of animals that suggested unsuspected mental capabilities” (25). It
seems that both amateurs and experts alike had anecdotes to share. Whilst
writing
Origin
, Darwin had “collected many observations—some his own, some
supplied to him by colleagues
—documenting the mental and emotional
similarities of humans and animals” (Morell 11). In 1874, two years after the
publication of
Expression
, Darwin was visited at his home, Downe House, by a
young man whose papers on evolutionary biology he had read and with whom
he had shared some correspondence. George Romanes
2
was “virtually
anointed” as Darwin’s successor (Richards 332). From this visit began a “brief,
but psychologically intense relationship between Romanes and the man who
would become his mentor, hero, paragon, and father substitute” (336). Darwin
2
Incidentally, Romanes was also a Canadian, but spent the majority of his life in England.
Allmark-Kent 94
gave his forty-year collection of notes and papers
on animal intelligence to
Romanes, who also gathered his own body of observations
—first-hand, from
his peers, and from the anecdotal letters flooding into periodicals (Morell 12,
Boakes 25).
In 1882, shortly after Darwin’s death, Romanes finally published his own
monumental
achievement,
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