locutionary act – producing a meaningful linguistic expression, uttering a sentence. If you have difficulty with actually forming the sounds and words to create a meaningful utterance (because you are a foreigner or tongue-tied) then you might fail to produce a locutionary act: it often happens when we learn a foreign language.
illocutionary act – we form an utterance with some kind of function on mind, with a definite communicative intention or illocutionary force. The notion of illocutionary force is basic for pragmatics.
perlocutionary act – the effect the utterance has on the hearer. Perlocutionary effect may be verbal or non-verbal. E.g. I’ve bought a car – Great! It’s cold here – and you close the window.
Classifications of speech acts. Indirect speech acts.
It was John Searle, who studied under J.Austin at Oxford, who proposed
a detailed classification of speech acts. His speech act classification has had a great impact on linguistics. It includes five major classes of speech acts: declarations, representatives, expressives, directives and commissives:
Speech act type Direction of fit s – speaker, x -
situation
|
Declarations words change the world S causes X
E.g. I pronounce you man and wife. You’re fired.
Representatives make words fit the world S believes X
E.g. It was a warm sunny day. John is a liar.
E.g. I’m really sorry. Happy birthday! (statements of pleasure, joy, sorrow, etc.)
Directives make the world fit words S wants X
E.g. Don’t touch that (commands, orders, suggestions)
Dostları ilə paylaş: |
