transplantation is still associated with a poor outcome, despite a number of
administering an antifungal therapy has a negative impact on the outcomes
2
The optimal approach to prevention of the antifungal infection has not
been standardized yet. A number of studies demonstrated the isolation of
resistant Candida strains in patients receiving a prevention therapy with
fluconazole [7].
A meta-analysis of published studies on the prevention of fungal
infection has shown a decrease in the rates of undiagnosed fungal infection,
but the overall mortality rates and the need to administer an empirical
therapy for suspected fungal infection have not reduced [8]. Given the lack
of accurate data on a clinically beneficial effect of the prevention, its high
costs, potential toxicity, and the risk of pathogen resistance development,
many transplant centers refrain from administering a universal antifungal
prevention therapy nowadays [9].
A so-called targeted approach is the most commonly used, i.e. when
prevention therapy is administered in the patients of a high-risk group only.
We should note that the term "high risk patients" has not been defined
anyway yet, and the transplant specialists are often guided by various sets of
criteria for stratifying the patients with increased risks of fungal infection.
There are a great number of factors making the patients vulnerable to
invasive mycoses. The most important of these factors include liver re-
transplantation, a fulminant hepatic failure as an indication to
transplantation, an acute kidney injury in the postoperative period requiring
the use of dialysis techniques, relaparotomy in the early postoperative
period, a massive blood loss (requiring more than 20 units of blood
components to be transfused for correction during surgery).
Other factors include the surgery duration for more than 12 hours, a
disseminated (≥ 2 loci) superficial colonization with Candida spp., and
3
making a hepatico-jejunal anastomosis versus a choledocho-choledochal
anastomosis [10-13].
The choice of antifungal drugs for targeted prophylaxis, their dosages,
and the duration of prevention therapy course also remain controversial.
Fluconazole and different forms of amphotericin B have been widely
used in clinical practice for targeted prophylaxis. Meanwhile, the
fluconazole-resistant strains of Candida krusei and Candida glabrata are
identified more and more frequently. One should remember that azoles
influence
the
plasma
levels
of
the
most
commonly
used
immunosuppressants: cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and everolimus.
The duration of prevention therapy has not been standardized either,
ranging from 5-7 days to 4 weeks or longer post-transplantation [14].
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