Table 1. Risk factors of invasive fungal infection (n = 32)
Number
%
Renal replacement therapy
9*
22.5
Liver retransplantation
1
2.5
Treatment of bacterial complications with
broad-spectrum antibiotics
15*
37.5
Relaparotomy in the early postoperative
period
3 *
7.5
Hepatico-enteric anastomosis
2
5
Using blood components >20 doses
5
12.5
Neutropenia <2 x 10
9
/L
5
12.5
Total
40
100%
* Multiple risk factors in a patient.
Antifungal prevention therapy was administered in 79 patients
(98.75%). Its duration made 9 (4; 12) days in all the patients. The majority
of patients without high risk received the preventive therapy in short
duration; antifungals were discontinued together with the termination of
antimicrobial therapy.
Prevention was performed using either a lipid complex of
Amphotericin B at a dose of 50 mg/day in 49 patients (61.25%), or
echinocandins in a standard dose in 25 (31.25%), or fluconazole at a dose of
400 mg/day in 6 (7.5 %). There was the need to switch from fluconazole to
6
echinocandins in 3 cases: because of Candida spp. identified in blood in 1
case, and PCR-detected Candida glabrata in other 2 cases. The case report
illustrating the clinical conversion from fluconazole to anidulafungin is
presented below.
Patient D., a female of 54 years old, underwent liver retransplantation
from cadaveric organ donor. Indications for surgery included recurrent
primary biliary cirrhosis (at 6 years after primary liver transplantation),
hepatocellular failure, hepatorenal syndrome with concomitant type 2
diabetes mellitus. Pre-operative disease severity was assessed as 10 by
Child-Pugh score, and 18 by MELD.
Intraoperatively, the patient was stable, anesthesia was maintained
with the use of Sevoran at a low flow rate of fresh gas. Of particular note
was a decreased urine output under 50 mL/h at hepatectomy and at anhepatic
stage, as well as the use of dopamine at a dose of 8-10 mcg/kg/min and
norepinephrine at a dose of 200-300 ng/kg/min to stabilize the mean arterial
pressure above 70 mmHg at anhepatic stage and in the first minutes after the
venous reperfusion.
The calculated amount of blood loss was 800 mL, with 200 mL of
washed autologous red blood cells (RBCs) being reinfused using the cell
salvage autotransfusion device. Hepatico-jejunal anastomosis was made to
ensure the bile outflow. The patient was extubated in the intensive care unit
(ICU) at 8 hours after surgery. Immunosuppression therapy included
daclizumab (20 mg intraoperatively after achieving hemostasis before
suturing the laparotomy wound, and 20 mg on the 4
th
postoperative day),
cyclosporin, methylprednisolone, and mycophenolic acid. A preventive
antibacterial and antifungal therapy was administered with cefotaxime at a
dose of 2 g/day (with initial dosing at 30 minutes before the skin incision),
7
and fluconazole, 200 mg/day. The maximum increased cytolysis enzyme
activities to 569, and 699 U/L for ALT, and AST, respectively, were
documented on the 1
st
postoperative day. Right-side lower lobe pneumonia
and a postoperative wound suppuration were diagnosed on the 5
th
postoperative day. Blood hematology demonstrated anemia (with
hemoglobin of 78 g/L, RBC 3.83x10
12
/L), leukocytosis of 12.87x10
9
/L
with leftward shift in differentials to myelocytes (3%); thrombocytopenia
(with platelets being 78x10
9
/L). Hypocoagulation was noted in hemostatic
system
with
INR
being
1.86.
Blood
biochemistry
showed
hyperbilirubinemia (total bilirubin being 35 mcmol/L), hyperazotemia (with
creatinine 184 mmol/L, and urea 29 mmol/L), hypoalbuminaemia (with
albumin of 29 g/L). Microbiology cultures of blood and abdominal contents
revealed a multidrug-resistant pathogen Acinetobacter spp. susceptible to
carbapenems. Blood cultures for fungi isolated Candida spp. PCR test
results demonstrated DNA of Candida parapsilosis, Candida albicans,
Candida glabrata in the samples from the throat, urine, and intestinal
content. Considering all the above data, the patient was given meropenem at
a dose of 6 g daily, linezolid 1200 mg/day, and anidulafungin at an initial
dose of 200 mg/day, and further at a dose of 100 mg daily. After a 14-day
anidulafungin therapy, the control PCR tests and the cultures of blood,
sputum, urine, and intestinal content demonstrated no fungi.
The diagnosis using PCR test revealed DNA of least one of the tested
Candida species in 20 patients (25%). Table 2 shows positive PCR results of
testing the biological material.
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