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Faroese
Faroese is a contemporary Western North Germanic language
spoken in the Faroe
Islands. It is a descendant of West Norse.
Number of Speakers (1988): 41,000
Frankish
Frankish is the extinct West Germanic language formerly spoken in Northern Gaul
and the Low Countries. It was largely swamped by the Latin-derived French.
However Low Franconian, an approximate ancestor of Dutch-Flemish, was closely
related to Frankish.
Frisian
Frisian is a contemporary West Germanic language spoken in the
Netherlands and
Germany. It is one of the two official languages of the Netherlands. Of all
Germanic languages, Frisian is most closely related to English.
Frisian from the earliest records of about 1300 until about 1575 is called Old
Frisian. Subsequently Frisian is known as New Frisian. Some Frisian scholars also
identify a Middle Frisian period from about 1600 to about 1800.
Frisian exists in three major
divisions, each of which is subdivided into dialects.
The two dialects of East Frisian have been largely replaced by dialects of New
Low German which are called East Frisian. North Frisian is divided into about ten
dialects. Nearly all modern Frisian literature is in West Frisian which has about six
dialects.
Number of Speakers (1988):
TBS
Germanic
The Germanic branch of Indo-European is a
centum language, characterized by
systematic change in initial stops, a stress accent on the
first syllable of the root, by
the productive use of ablaut in verbs, by the use of a dental suffix in verb
morphology, and by the use of strong and weak adjective conjugations.
The linguistic and archaeological data seem to indicate
that the final linguistic
stage of the Germanic languages took place in an area which has been located
approximately in Southern Sweden, Southern Norway, Denmark and the lower
Elbe. Around the year 1000 B. C., the Germanic tribes spread to the
lower Weser
and Oder and around 750 B. C. they reached the Vistula river.
During their expansion the Germanic tribes, who spoke an Indo-European
language, mixed with other European tribes (the so-called Streitaxe- or
Battle-axe
people), who spoke another, unknown, language.
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This tree shows the traditional division of Germanic into East, North, and West,
however the relationship between East and North Germanic and the principle
branches of West Germanic leads many scholars to divide
all Germanic into five
equal-weight branches (clockwise from the north): North, East, Elbe, Rhine-Weser,
and North Sea Germanic. Elbe Germanic corresponds roughly with High German;
Rhine-Weser with Low Germanic; and North Sea with Anglo-Frisian Germanic.
Wanderings of the Germanic tribes, especially during the
Völkerwanderung period
(400-700 CE), permitted much mixing of the dialects.
About 80 percent of Germanic roots are non-Indo-European.
Living Germanic Languages
Afrikaans
Danish
Dutch-Flemish
English
Faroese
Frisian
High German
Gutnish
Icelandic
Low German
Norwegian
Swedish
Yiddish
Extinct Germanic Languages
Bastarnae
Burgundian
Frankish
Gothic
Herulian
Lombardic
Norn
Rugian
Scirian
Vandalic
Gothic
Gothic was the East Germanic language of the Germanic speaking people who
migrated from southern Scania (southern Sweden) to the Ukraine. From there the
West and East Goths migrated to southern Gaul, Iberia, and Italy in the fifth and
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sixth centuries C. E. The Gepids were overcome by the Lombards and Avars in the
fifth century and disappeared.
Gothic is recorded in translations of parts of the bible
into West Gothic in the
fourth century C. E. and by names.
Gothic is extinct. The last Gothic speakers reported were in the Crimea in the
sixteenth century C. E.
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