Typological problems of morphological level. The problem of typological categorization



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LECTURE 6

Analytic languages
. Analytic languages show a low ratio of morphemes to words; 
in fact, the correspondence is nearly one-to-one. Sentences in analytic languages are 
composed of independent root morphemes. Grammatical relations between words 
are expressed by separate words where they might otherwise be expressed by affixes, 
which are present to a minimal degree in such languages. There is little to no 
morphological change in words: they tend to be uninflected. Grammatical categories 
are indicated by word order (for example, inversion of verb and subject for 
interrogative sentences) or by bringing in additional words (for example, a word for 
"some" or "many" instead of a plural inflection like English "-s"). Individual words 
carry a general meaning (root concept); nuances are expressed by other words. 
Finally, in analytic languages, context and syntax are more important than 
morphology. 
Analytic languages include some of the major East Asian languages, such as 
Chinese, and Vietnamese. Additionally, English is moderately analytic 
(probably one of the most analytic of Indo-European languages). 
Synthetic languages 
Synthetic languages form words by affixing a given number of dependent 
morphemes to a root morpheme. The morphemes may be distinguishable from the 
root, or they may not. They may be fused with it or among themselves (in that 
multiple pieces of grammatical information may potentially be packed into one 
morpheme). Word order is less important for these languages than it is for analytic 
languages since individual words express the grammatical relations that would 
otherwise be indicated by syntax. In addition, there tends to be a high degree of 
concordance (agreement, or cross-reference between different parts of the sentence). 
Therefore, morphology in synthetic languages is more important than syntax. Most 
Indo-European languages are moderately synthetic. 
There are two subtypes of synthesis, according to whether morphemes are clearly 
differentiable or not. These subtypes are "agglutinative" and 


"fusional" (or "inflectional" or "flectional" in older terminology). 
Agglutinative languages 
Agglutinative languages have words containing several morphemes that 
are always clearly differentiable from one another in that each morpheme 
represents only one grammatical meaning and the boundaries between those 
morphemes are easily demarcated; that is, the bound morphemes are affixes, 
and they may be individually identified. Agglutinative languages tend to have 
a high number of morphemes per word, and their morphology is highly regular. 
Agglutinative languages include Korean, Hungarian, Turkish, Japanese 
and 
Luganda. 

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