Allomorphy.
In the exposition above, morphological rules are described as
analogies between word forms: thedog is to dogs as cat is to cats, and as
thedish is to dishes. In this case, the analogy applies both to the form of
the words and to their meaning: in each pair, the first word means "one
of X", while the second "two or more of X” and the difference is always
the plural form -s affixed to the second word, signaling the key distinction
between singular and plural entities.
One of the largest sources of complexity in morphology is that this
one- to-one correspondence between meaning and form scarcely applies
to every case in the language. In English, we have word form pairs like
ox/oxen, goose/geese, and sheep/sheep, where the difference between the
singular and the plural is signaled in a way that departs from the regular
pattern, or is not signaled at all. Even cases considered "regular", with the
final -s, are not so simple; the -s in dogs is not pronounced the same way
as the -s in cats, and in a plural like dishes, an "extra" vowel appears
before the -s. These cases, where alternative forms of a “word” effect the
same distinction, are called allomorphy.
Comparison of morphological level of English and Native
languages.
For a full comparison of thetypological characteristic in thecategory
of thenumber, we have to find out in which place does this category take
in the system of another language.
If we take as an example Russian language, we can easily find its
characteristic features- in numerals, in adjectives, pronouns, verbs. Ex.
Я беру, ты берешь, вы берете, etc.
In a comparison with the Russianlanguage, the seme of thesingularity
of English language is presented just with zero morphemes, ex. town,
play, etc. However the seme of singularity in Russian language
represented by morphemes: -й, ex: сарай, край; -а, -я ex: река; -о, - е ex:
окно. But plurality in both languages can be represented with the seme of
theplurality by adding endings –ы, -и, -а for Russian and –s, -es for
English.
In both languages, there are a lot of groups that are representatives
of the seme of plurality. Some of them are alike in both languages.
Ex, ножницы-scissors, брюки-trousers, весы-scales, очки-glasses
In general English plurality model can be divided into 3 variants:
N-N+(e)s ex: cup-cups, assistant-assistants, face-faces, photo-photos
N-N+en ex: ox-oxen, child-children
N-Npl (with the changes of vowels in roots) ex: man-men, foot-feet,
mouse-mice, etc.
In Uzbek suffix –lar may represent not only aplurality but other
meanings as well.
Ex: respect Hamid aka keldilarmi?
Approximate time. Soat o ‘nlarda kelish kerak.
Besides that, it can express the meanings such as superlative, collective,
irony and type.
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