Uzbekistan state university of world languages

2. Reserve in Uzbekistan has been reorganized.
Types of animals and birds which are listed to the Red Book of IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) and the Republic of Uzbekistan: 5 types of reptiles, 6 types of birds, 7 types of mammals, including small and large amudarya shovelnoses, zherekh, aral and Turkestan barbells, striated Asian wolf snake, Central Asian cobra, golden eagle, black vulture, Turkestan lynx, Asian Near East leopard, striped hyena, markhoor, Bukharian sheep, Persian gazelle, Bukharian deer. Zaravshan State reserve consists of two separate areas (upper and lower), which are located along the Zaravshan river. Its territory begins from the Chupan-Ata tops and stretches along the right shore of the Zaravshan for 47 miles. The aim of the establishment of the reserve is restoration and keeping the endangered nice Zaravshan pheasant and precious officinal shrubbery – sea-buckthorn. More than 100 types of birds and six types of fish are registered in the reserve.
Fauna: ordinary tolai hare, badger, vulpes caragan, jackal, jungle cat, porcupine, vormela peregusna. On the small territory of the nature reserve there are about 300 kinds of plants from 6 families. The reserve was established in the coastal zoneof the Amudarya. The area is 10311 ha., 5144 ha of which are covered with forest, 6964 ha. are in the sandy zones and 3177 ha. in the high-water bed. The zones of the reserve, which are covered with forest are extremely natural plantations.
The reserve was established with the aim of keeping tugai sandy ecosystem with its biodiversity, aboriginal tugai forests – Bukharian deer, the amount of which has been increased since 1991. Today, according to the latest date of 2008 more than 110-130 individuals inhabit in the reserve.
More than 150 types of highest vascular plants grow in Kysylkum reserve. 3 types are listed to the Red Book of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The history of the establishment of Saigachy reserve is connected to the name of the Great Russian naturalist A.P.Fedchenko, who with his wife, the botanist and artist, at the end of 60-s of the XIX century explored the western part of the Turkestan gorge. The aim the reserve foundation is keeping the unique natural fir forests with characteristic animals and flora. The area of the reserve is 10,5 ha, 4161 of which are covered with forests. Several hundreds of plants grow in the reserve.
At the point of 1760-3500 meters above sea level there are mountain fir ecosystems, white clawed bear, bearded vulture and black stork which are under the protection. Kitab State reserve is situated in the south-western branches of the Saigachy gorge, the diapason of the heights: from 1300 m. to 2650 m. Kitab State geological nature reserve is the owner and keeper of the world stratigraphic standard. Flora includes more than 500 of kinds. Fauna represents 21 types of mammals and 120 types of birds, including those which are listed to the Red Book of Uzbekistan. They are golden eagle, bearded vulture, booted eagle and others.
Chatkal biospheric reserve was found in 1947. Its territory is 35,2 thousand ha. The area has two separate zones – Bashkazylsay and Maydantal, which are divided from each other with the passes. Flora of the reserve has 40 types of woody-shrub forms. Fauna consists of Siberian mountain goat, roe, wild boar, Turkestan lynx, white clawed bear, fox, stone marten, marmot, porcupine, ermine, Tien Shan souslik and snow leopard. The key place in this network is occupied by Uzbekistan state nature reserves. Uzbekistan, state reserves are territories with a stringent regime of protection, they keep constant year-round observations of wildlife. One of the main targets of the Uzbek reserves is to protect the nature landscapes, uncommon and worth-while species of animals and plants in a natural setting for the posterior enrichment of other territories. The specialists working in them today are called upon to efficiently cooperate with the population, to find such methods of work that will make everyone realize the value of protected wildlife.
Natural parks of Uzbekistan are protected natural areas intended for conservation and use in natural, recreational, scientific and cultural purposes of natural objects and complexes of special ecological, cultural and aesthetic value.

On the protected natural territories of Uzbekistan, large-scale works are conducted daily to restore and multiply special flora and fauna. These territories also serve as a natural base for a huge number of research activities and observations. Uzbekistan has nine reserves, two national parks, five natural monuments, thirteen wildlife preserves and other natural sites, covering unique landscapes from barkhan sands to flowering oases, and from river tugais to alpine meadows. Hissar mountain-juniper reserve. This Uzbekistan nature reserve is on the western side of the Hissar Range. The area is typical mountainous with numerous gorges, karst caves, brooks, waterfalls and small glaciers. On the northwest of the Turkestan range there is Zaamin mountain-juniper reserve. The territory is a clear mountain range, slightly falling from east to west, covering the mid-mountain and high mountain ranges of the ridge. Saigachy state valley-tugai reserve is located in the flood plain of the Zeravshan River. The purpose of its creation is the restoration and preservation of the disappearing, beautiful Saigachy pheasant. Also one of the species of animals listed in the Red Book is Bukhara deer. Kitab geological reserve. This nature reserve of Uzbekistan is on the south-western spurs of the Hissar Range. The reserved area differs from other environmental zones of the country, as it has unique geological formations. Karakul wildlife preserve. The wildlife preserve of Uzbekistan was established with the aim of securing the saxaul and shrub vegetation with an array of loose sands in the Amu-Bukhara and Amu-Karakul canals, protecting irrigation systems from falling asleep with sand, restoring the floristic and faunal complex inherent of the southern Kyzylkum. The land of the reserve is a vast sandy plain with sharply continental dry, hot climate. Natural monument Vardanzi. The natural monument of Uzbekistan is located near Bukhara and is not far from Shafirkan city, in the center of a blooming oasis, amidst boundless cotton plains and vineyards. The intention of the monument is the protection of the remains of the once existing city of Vardanzi, now buried by sand, and the planting of saxaul.
In addition to the tugaiy forests in the reserve, you can see reed beds and steppe meadows. Poplar, goat, willow and reed grow in the Badai-Tugay protected area. The animal world is represented by many species of various birds, mammals and 15 species of fish. Here, for the most part, there are: wild boar, tolai hare, fox, jackal, reed cat (the largest cat in Central Asia), badger, weasel, steppe ferret, big-eared hedgehog and numerous rodents. Bukhara deer, or Hangul, occupies a special place among protected animals. After the development of tugai forests by humans, the Bukhara deer, previously numerous in number, was almost completely crowded out of its original habitats. In the Amu Darya, fish species such as thorn, large and small Amudarya pseudopods, pike, asp, Aral barbel, bream, Chekhon, common carp, catfish, pike perch and grass carp are found in the Amu Darya. The world of birds is diverse, a buzzard, an ordinary kestrel, a gray pigeon, a long-eared owl, a white-winged woodpecker, a small dove, a house owl, a crested lark, a magpie, a black crow, a jackdaw, a great tit, a lane, a sparrow, a black kite and a tuvik live on the territory of the reserve. . A specially protected species of Badai-Tugay birds is the Khiva pheasant.
Karakalpak deer, or Hangul, occupies a special place among protected animals. After the development of tugai forests by humans, the Bukhara deer, previously numerous in number, was almost completely crowded out of its original habitats. In the Amu Darya, fish species such as thorn, large and small Amudarya pseudopods, pike, asp, Aral barbel, bream, Chekhon, common carp, catfish, pike perch and grass carp are found in the Amu Darya. The world of birds is diverse, a buzzard, an ordinary kestrel, a gray pigeon, a long-eared owl, a white-winged woodpecker, a small dove, a house owl, a crested lark, a magpie, a black crow, a jackdaw, a great tit, a lane, a sparrow, a black kite and a tuvik live on the territory of the reserve. . A specially protected species of Badai-Tugay birds is the Khiva pheasant.
Uzbekistan has a total area of 447,400 square kilometers ranging from the Hazrati Sulton Peak at 15,233 feet (4,643m) above sea level to the depths of Sariqamish lake at 39 feet (12m) below sea level. It is about the size of Sweden and its territory is larger than the State of California. It is home to over 33 million people today.
Uzbekistan has twelve different provinces: Andijon, Bukhoro, Farghona, Jizzakh, Khorazm, Namangan, Navoiy, Qashqadaryo, Samarqand, Sirdaryo, Sukhondaryo, and Tashkent. Each one has its own unique culture and geography. Before moving to the next part of this module, take a few minutes to locate each province (in Uzbek “viloyat”) on the map provided below:
In this section, we are going to take a virtual tour of some of the diverse environments of Uzbekistan. After that we are going to learn about climate change in Uzbekistan and some of the modern environmental issues facing this beautiful country today. A glossary of key terms is provided at the end.
The Chimgan mountains are a famous tourist attraction, with world-class skiing in the winter. In addition to some more moderate routes, Chimgan also has “wild routes,” which are only available by way of a helicopter drop off and can be as long as 7 kilometers (about 4.3 miles). The Grand Chimgan peak (3,309 meters) and Small Chimgan peak (2,100 meters) are both fully covered in snow during the winter.
Heading to the southeast from the Tashkent region we arrive in the Ferghana valley. Famous for its blood sweating horses since the first century BCE, the lush valley surrounded by mountains has been a key environment in Uzbek history.
The Saigachy reserve was founded in 1975 with the intention of saving the endangered Saigachy pheasant as well as rare plant species. The park is also home to twenty-six different species of freshwater mollusks, including two endangered species, the colletopterum sogdianum (in Uzbek so’g’d tishsizi “the Soghdian toothless”) and the daryo savatchasi (“the river basket maker”). This reserve also preserves a rare example of the unique Tugay landscape.
Another attraction of the Surkhondaryo district are the ancient sycamore trees. Many of these trees are around a thousand years old and have become Sufi shrines over the centuries. In modern times, they have been used for other purposes as well. One of these trees was used as a school in the early twentieth century and then as a village administrative center in 1920, and then as a cavalry regiment’s library in the 1930s, and finally as a village shop.
Uzbekistan’s climate is continental. This means that it is affected by circulation patterns that originate in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean and then flow across the Eurasian continent. The majority of the country’s water comes from rain and snow falling in the mountains during the winter and spring.
Uzbekistan, and Central Asia more broadly, have interacted with natural climate change events throughout earth’s history. A stalagmite record from the Ton cave, in the Surkhondaryo province, provides a record of the natural fluctuations in climate over glacial time scales (tens to hundreds of thousand of years). Since the end of the last Ice Age, around eleven thousand years ago, Central Asia’s climate has fluctuated between periods of warm and dry conditions and periods of cold and wet conditions.
These natural fluctuations in the earth’s temperature during the Holocene epoch were caused by periods of increased volcanic eruptions and decreases in the energy coming from the sun. More volcanic eruptions and less solar energy caused periods of global cooling. On the other hand, periods of decreased volcanic activity and stable solar energy cause natural increases in average temperatures.