Welcome to Mr Aslanov’s Lessons QUESTION-TYPE BASED TESTS Aslanovs_Lessons
D. At first, the need to learn this complicated-looking code made Morses telegraph seem impossibly tricky
compared with other, more user-friendly designs, Cookes and Wheatstones telegraph, for example, used five
needles to pick out letters on a diamond-shaped grid. But although this meant that anyone could use it, it
also required five wires between telegraph stations. Morses telegraph needed only one. And some people, it
soon transpired, had a natural facility for Morse code.
E. As electric telegraphy took off in the early 1850s, the Morse telegraph quickly became domi-nant. It was
adopted as the European standard in 1851, allowing direct connections between the telegraph networks of
different countries. (Britain chose not to participate, sticking with needle telegraphs for a few more years.)
By this time Morse code had been revised to allow for accents and other foreign characters, resulting in a
split between American and International Morse that continues to this day.
F. On international submarine cables, left and right swings of a light-beam reflected from a tiny rotating
mirror were used to represent dots and dashes. Meanwhile a distinct telegraphic sub-culture was emerging,
with its own customs and vocabulary, and a hierarchy based on the speed at which operators could send and
receive Morse code. First-class operators, who could send and receive at speeds of up to 45 words a minute,
handled press traffic, securing the best-paid jobs in big cities. At the bottom of the pile were slow,
inexperienced rural operators, many of whom worked the wires as part-timers. As their Morse code
improved, however, rural opera-tors found that their newfound skill was a passport to better pay in a city
job. Telegraphers soon, swelled the ranks of the emerging middle classes. Telegraphy was also deemed
suitable work for women. By 1870, a third of the operators in the Western Union office in New York, the
largest telegraph office in America, were female.
G. In a dramatic ceremony in 1871, Morse himself said goodbye to the global community of telegraphers he
had brought into being. After a lavish banquet and many adulatory speeches, Morse sat down behind an
operators table and, placing his finger on a key connected to every telegraph wire in America, tapped out his
final farewell to a standing ovation. By the time of his death in 1872, the world was well and truly wired:
more than 650,000 miles of telegraph line and 30,000 miles of submarine cable were throbbing with Morse
code; and 20,000 towns and villages were connected to the global network. Just as the Internet is today often
called an "information superhighway”, the telegraph was described in its day as an “instantaneous highway
of thought",
H. But by the 1890s the Morse telegraph's heyday as a cutting-edge technology was coming to an end, with
the invention of the telephone and the rise of automatic telegraphs, precursors of the teleprinter, neither of
which required specialist skills to operate. Morse code, however, was about to be given a new lease of life
thanks to another new technology: wireless. Following the invention of radiotelegraphy by Guglielmo
Marconi in 1896, its potential for use at sea quickly became apparent. For the first time, ships could
communicate with each other, and with the shore, whatever the weather and even when out of visual range.
In 1897 Marconi successfully sent Morse code messages between a shore station and an Italian warship
19km (12 miles) away. By 1910, Morse radio equipment was commonplace on ships.