Where malaria is common the average life span is 30 YOA. This is not all due to malaria but malaria and trypanosomiasis do play their part!
Malaria Facts
Where malaria is common the average life span is 30 YOA. This is not all due to malaria but malaria and trypanosomiasis do play their part!
Malaria has protected Western Africa from European colonization!
Malaria has Been Significant Enough to Make the World Different!
Being sent to Gambia, Serra Leon, etc. was considered a death sentence because of the probability of contracting malaria!
Malaria has Been Significant Enough to Make the World Different!
Being sent to Gambia, Serra Leon, etc. was considered a death sentence because of the probability of contracting malaria!
1880 was when Plasmodium was fist discovered.
Malaria has Been Significant Enough to Make the World Different!
Being sent to Gambia, Serra Leon, etc. was considered a death sentence because of the probability of contracting malaria!
1880 was when Plasmodium was fist discovered.
1897: the vector host was discovered by Ronald Ross. But it did not matter since there was no attempt to control it!
Malaria in History
Ancient references
China, Assyria, India
500 BC Hippocrates gives first clinical description
Malaria in History
Ancient references
China, Assyria, India
500 BC Hippocrates gives first clinical description
Historical Impacts
413 BC Fall of Greek empire
323 BC Alexander the Great died of malaria
The Roman Empire: Malaria is generally considered to have played a role in the decline of Rome, a city located in marshland, where malaria is transmitted
1800’s 20-40% of people hospitalized in New Orleans had malaria
1861-1865 Civil War. Savannah, GA 878 men had 3313 cases of malaria in a 14 month period.
History
1800’s 20-40% of people hospitalized in New Orleans had malaria
1861-1865 Civil War. Savannah, GA 878 men had 3313 cases of malaria in a 14 month period.
1880 Plasmodium discovered as etiological agent
History
1800’s 20-40% of people hospitalized in New Orleans had malaria
1861-1865 Civil War. Savannah, GA 878 men had 3313 cases of malaria in a 14 month period.
1880 Plasmodium discovered as etiological agent
1900’s Sir Ronald Ross discovers mosquitoes are vectors
History
1800’s 20-40% of people hospitalized in New Orleans had malaria
1861-1865 Civil War. Savannah, GA 878 men had 3313 cases of malaria in a 14 month period.
1880 Plasmodium discovered as etiological agent
1900’s Sir Ronald Ross discovers mosquitoes are vectors
1930’s malaria diminished in U.S. except for southeast. Conversion of swamp to agriculture.
History
World War II. In 1942, 2678 cases from 1,000 men; Ran out of drug for treatment.
History
Gen. Douglas MacArthur in May 1943: "Doctor," he said, "this will be a long war if for every division I have facing the enemy I must count on a second division in hospital with malaria and a third division convalescing from this debilitating disease!" The general was not at all worried about defeating the Japanese, but he was greatly concerned about the failure up to that time to defeat the Anopheles mosquito.
History
Lost five times more men to malaria than in Battle!
History
Lost five times more men to malaria than in Battle!
Brought about chemical insecticides.
DDT was a result of WWII
And a few year later there were only 50/1000
History
Lost five times more men to malaria than in Battle!
Brought about chemical insecticides.
DDT was a result of WWII
And a few year later there were only 50/1000
So after the war there was a false hope of eradicating malaria from the world!
History
1946. WHO initiates program to “eradicate malaria”.
History
1946. WHO initiates program to “eradicate malaria”.
1961: A parasitology textbook is quoted as saying “with present prospects, malaria WILL soon be treated as an uncommon/non-existent disease.
History
1946. WHO initiates program to “eradicate malaria”.
1961: A parasitology textbook is quoted as saying “with present prospects, malaria WILL soon be treated as an uncommon/non-existent disease.
Wide use of chloroquine has led to drug resistant strains!
Eradication of Malaria
3) Social/Political Reasons
Emerging nations in Africa were trying to be free from external (Western European nations) domination; much of the monetary resources stopped flowing in!
There are some general genotypes that are resistant to malaria
Genetic resistance to Plasmodium
2 examples
Duffy Blood Group
Noticed in military groups in Vietnam.
African Americans had less severe cases or no cases of malaria!
Genetic Resistance
Plasmodium vivax
Duffy blood groups
Proteins on cell surface
3 alleles
A Dominant
B Dominant
y recessive
Genetic Resistance
Plasmodium vivax
Duffy blood groups
Proteins on cell surface
3 alleles
A Dominant
B Dominant
y recessive
Genetic Resistance
yy genotype has advantage
P. vivax malaria resistance
Only advantageous if P. vivax malaria endemic
40% people of W. African decent
0.1% people of non-African decent
P. vivax keeps the allele common in Africa.
Genetic Resistance
Sickle celled anemia
Codominant trait (Allele “A” and “B”)
AA have sickle celled anemia
AB have both types of cells
Sickle cells don’t support species of Plasmodium well.
