World Health Organization 20, Avenue Appia


Palliative care-related knowledge and attitudes of PHC providers



Yüklə 1,95 Mb.
Pdf görüntüsü
səhifə35/50
tarix19.12.2022
ölçüsü1,95 Mb.
#76343
1   ...   31   32   33   34   35   36   37   38   ...   50
Palliativ yardım

Palliative care-related knowledge and attitudes of PHC providers 
and CHWs
Exploration of the knowledge and attitudes of PHC providers and CHWs about providing palliative care 
may yield useful information for integrating palliative care integration into PHC (Annexes 6 and 7). For 
example, it has been shown that primary care physicians tend not to identify palliative care needs early 
in the course of a life-limiting illness. Exploration of the reasons for this phenomenon may be useful 
to enhance access to palliative care for those in need 
(62,120). In particular, their self-assessment of 
competencies in identifying and responding to social, spiritual and legal problems could be explored 
(121). 
Knowledge and attitudes of primary care providers about advance care planning could yield useful culture-
specific information
(122-125). To develop and refine training for CHWs, and to support them in their work, 
their palliative care-related knowledge and attitudes also should be studied 
(126). 


53
A WHO guide for planners, implementers and managers
References 
1. 
Knaul FM, Farmer PE, Krakauer EL, De Lima L, Bhadelia A, Kwete X et al. On behalf of the Lancet 
Commission on Palliative Care and Pain Relief Study Group. Alleviating the access abyss in palliative care 
and pain relief: an imperative of universal health coverage. Lancet. Published online 12 October 2017; 
pii: S0140-6736(17)32513-8 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32513-8, accessed 17 March 
2018).
2. 
Resolution WHA67.19. Strengthening of palliative care as a component of comprehensive care 
throughout the life course. In: Sixty-seventh World Health Assembly, Geneva, 19–24 May 2014 (http://
apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA67/A67_R19-en.pdf, accessed 17 March 2018).
3. 
Planning and implementing palliative care services: a guide for programme managers. Geneva: World 
Health Organization; 2016 (http://www.who.int/ncds/management/palliative-care/palliative_care_
services/en/, accessed 17 March 2018).
4. 
WHO Definition of palliative care/WHO Definition of palliative care for children. Geneva: World Health 
Organization; 2002 (http://www.who.int/cancer/palliative/definition/en/, accessed 17 March 2018).
5. 
Gwyther L, Krakauer EL. WPCA Policy statement on defining palliative care. London: Worldwide Palliative 
Care Alliance; 2011 (http://www.thewhpca.org/resources/item/definging-palliative-care, accessed 17 
March 2018).
6. 
Resolution WHA69.24. Strengthening integrated, people-centred health services. In: Sixty-ninth World 
Health Assembly, Geneva, 23–28 May 2016.
7. 
Krakauer EL, Kwete X, Verguet S, Arreola-Ornelas H, Bhadelia A, Mendez O et al. Palliative care 
and pain control. In: Jamison DT, Gelband H, Horton S, Jha P, Laxminarayan R, Mock CN et al., 
editors. Disease control priorities, 3rd edition, volume 9: Improving health and reducing poverty. 
Washington DC: World Bank; 2018:235–46 (https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/
handle/10986/28877/9781464805271.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y, accessed 17 March 2018).
8. 
Pain and Policy Studies Group. Opioid consumption data. Madison: University of Wisconsin; 2017 (http://
www.painpolicy.wisc.edu/opioid-consumption-data, accessed 17 March 2018).
9. 
Cancer pain relief, with a guide to opioid availability, 2nd edition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 
1996 (http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/37896/1/9241544821.pdf, accessed 17 March 2018).
10. 
WHO Guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of persisting pain in children with medical illnesses. Geneva: 
World Health Organization; 2012 (http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44540/1/9789241548120_
Guidelines.pdf, accessed 17 March 2018). 
11. 
Connor S, Sepulveda Bermedo MC, editors. Global atlas of palliative care at the end of life. London: 
Worldwide Palliative Care Alliance; 2014 (http://www.who.int/nmh/Global_Atlas_of_Palliative_Care.
pdf, accessed 17 March 2018).
12. 
Amended Constitution of the World Health Organization. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006 
(http://www.who.int/governance/eb/who_constitution_en.pdf, accessed 17 March 2018).
13. 
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) General Comment 3: The nature of 
states parties’ obligations, fifth session 1990, UN Doc. E/1991/23, Annex III at 86 (1991), reprinted in 
Compilation of General Comments and General Recommendations Adapted by Human Rights Treaty 
Bodies, UN Doc. HRI/Gen/I/Rev. 6 at 62 (2003) (http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/gencomm/epcomm3.
htm, accessed 6 January 2018).
14. 
Ahmedzai SH, Costa A, Blengini C, Bosch A, Sanz-Ortiz J, Ventafridda V et al. International working group 
convened by the European School of Oncology: a new international framework for palliative care. Eur J 
Cancer. 2004;40(15):2192–2200. 10.1016/j.ejca.2004.06.009.


Integrating palliative care and symptom relief into primary health care
54
15. 
WHO Regional Office for Europe. Palliative care: the solid facts. Copenhagen: World Health Organization; 
2004.
16. 
The European definition of general practice/family medicine. World Organization of National Colleges, 
Academies and Academic Associations of General Practitioners/Family Physicians (WONCA); 2011 
edition (http://www.woncaeurope.org/sites/default/files/documents/Definition%203rd%20ed%20
2011%20with%20revised%20wonca%20tree.pdf, accessed 17 March 2018).
17. 
The RCGP curriculum: core curriculum statement. 1.00: Being a general practitioner. London: Royal 
College of General Practitioners (RCGP); 2016.
18. 
Compagnon L, Bail P, Huez JF, Stalnikiewicz B, Ghasarossian C, Zerbib Y et al. Définitions et 
descriptions des compétences en médecine générale. Exercer. 2013;108:148–55 (https://bv.univ-
poitiers.fr/access/content/group/edb1a182-b8f3-4062-aa81-5283b64b421a/resspub/6%20
Enseignements%20th%C3%A9oriques/Outils%20p%C3%A9dagogiques/S%C3%A9minaires%20
2013/S1/Biblio/2013%20D%C3%A9finition%20comp%C3%A9tences%20MG%20Compagnon%20
Exercer%20108.pdf, accessed 17 March 2018).
19. 
Kumar SK. Kerala, India: a regional community-based palliative care model. J Pain Symptom Manage. 
2007;33:623–7.
20. 
World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific. Western Pacific Regional Strategy for 
Health Systems Based on the Values of Primary Health Care. Manila: World Health Organization; 2010 
(http://www.wpro.who.int/topics/health_systems/wpro_strategy_health_systems_primary_health_
care.pdf, accessed 23 April 2018).
21. 
Murray SA, Boyd K, Sheikh A, Thomas K, Higginson I. Developing primary palliative care. BMJ. 
2004;329(7474):10567.
22. 
World Health Organization and World Bank. Tracking universal health coverage: first global monitoring 
report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.
23. 
White F. Primary health care and public health: foundations of universal health systems. Med Princ Pract. 
2015;24:103–16.
24. 
Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research. Report of the Expert Consultation on Primary Care 
Systems Profiles and Performance (PRIMASYS) 2015 (http://www.who.int/alliance-hpsr/projects/
PRIMASYS_Expert_Consultation_Final_Report.pdf, accessed 17 March 2018).
25. 
Herce ME, Elmore SN, Kalanga N, Keck JW, Wroe EB, Phiri A et al.; Krakauer EL and Rigodon J, co-senior 
authors. Assessing and responding to palliative care needs in rural sub-Saharan Africa: results from 
a model intervention and situation analysis in Malawi. PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e110457 (http://www.
plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0110457, accessed 17 March 2018).
26. 
Gott M, Seymour J, Ingleton C, Gardiner C, Bellamy G. “That’s part of everybody’s job”: the perspective of 
health care staff in England and New Zealand on the meaning and remit of palliative care. Palliat Med. 
2011;26(3)232–41.
27. 
Higginson I, Sen-Gupta GJA. Place of care in advanced cancer. J Palliat Med. 2004;(3): 287–300.
28. 
WHO Expert Committee on Cancer Pain Relief and Palliative Care. Geneva: World Health Organization; 
1990 (WHO Technical Report Series, No. 804:65–6).
29. 
Kumar S. 2012. Community-based palliative care in Kerala: interview with Nisha Krishnadas, N. ehospice, 
22 November 2012.
30. 
Quill TE, Abernathy AP. Generalist plus specialist palliative care: creating a more sustainable model. N 
Engl J Med. 2013;368:1173–5.
31. 
Hospice New Zealand standards for palliative care: quality review programme and guide 2012. 
Wellington: Hospice New Zealand; 2012.


55
A WHO guide for planners, implementers and managers
32. 
Shepperd S, Wee B, Straus Sharon E. Hospital at home: home-based end of life care. Cochrane Database 
Syst. Rev. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2011.
33. 
Williams AM, Wang L, Kitchen P. Differential impacts of care-giving across three caregiver groups in 
Canada: end-of-life care, long-term care and short-term care. Health and Social Care in the Community. 
2014;22(2):187–96.
34. 
Brumley R, Enguidanot S, Jamison P, Seitz R, Morgenstern N, Saito S et al. Increased satisfaction with care 
and lower costs: results of a randomized trial of in-home palliative care. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;S5:993–
1000.
35. 
Grande G, Farquhar MC, Barclay SIG. Caregiver bereavement outcome: relationship with hospital at 
home, satisfaction with care and home death. J Palliat Care. 2004;20(2):69–77.
36. 
Randall F, Downie RS. The philosophy of palliative care: critique and reconstruction. Oxford: Oxford 
University Press; 2006.
37. 
Joshi R, Alim M, Kengne AP, Jan S, Maulik PK, Peiris D et al. Task shifting for non-communicable disease 
management in low and middle income countries – a systematic review. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e103754. 
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103754.
38. 
Task shifting: rational redistribution of tasks among health workforce teams: global recommendations 
and guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008 (http://www.who.int/healthsystems/TTR-Task-
Shifting.pdf, accessed 17 March 2018).
39. 
Ahmed T, Jakaria SM. Community-based skilled birth attendants in Bangladesh: attending deliveries at 
home. Reprod Health Matters. 2009;17:45–50.
40. 
Callaghan M, Ford N, Schneider H. A systematic review of task-shifting for HIV treatment and care in 
Africa. Hum Resour Health. 2010;8:8.
41. 
Merriman A, Harding R. Pain control in the African context: the Ugandan introduction of affordable 
morphine to relieve suffering at the end of life. Philos Ethics Humanit Med. 2010;5:10 (http://www.peh-
med.com/content/5/1/10, accessed 17 March 2018).
42. 
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and European Union. Strengthening primary 
care systems. In: Health at a glance: Europe 2016 – state of health in the EU cycle. Paris: OECD Publishing; 
2016:37–53.
43. 
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th list). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015 (http://
www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML2015_8-May-15.pdf, accessed 17 March 
2018).
44. 
Ensuring balance in national policies on controlled substances: guidance for availability and accessibility 
of controlled medicines. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011 (http://www.who.int/medicines/
areas/quality_safety/GLs_Ens_Balance_NOCP_Col_EN_sanend.pdf, accessed 17 March 2018).
45. 
Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC Guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain: United States, 
2016. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65(1):1–48.
46. 
Joranson D, Maurer M, Mwangi-Powell F, editors. Guidelines for ensuring patient access to, and safe 
management of, controlled medicines. Kampala: African Palliative Care Association; 2010 (http://
integratepc.org/wp- content/uploads/2013/05/patient_access1.pdf, accessed 17 March 2018).
47. 
Belkin GS, Unützer J, Kessler RC, Verdeli H, Raviola GJ, Sachs K et al. Scaling up for the “bottom 
billion”; “5×5” implementation of community mental health care in low-income regions. Psychiatr Serv. 
2011;62(12):1494–1502.
48. 
Patel V. Where there is no psychiatrist: a mental health care manual. London: Gaskell; 2003.
49. 
Rahman A, Hamdani SU, Awan NR, Bryant RA, Dawson KS, Khan MF et al. Effect of a multicomponent 
behavioral intervention in adults impaired by psychological distress in a conflict-affected area of Pakistan: 
a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;316(24):2609–17.


Integrating palliative care and symptom relief into primary health care
56
50. 
Weobong B, Weiss HA, McDaid D, Singla DR, Hollon SD, Nadkarni A et al. Sustained effectiveness and 
cost-effectiveness of the Healthy Activity Programme, a brief psychological treatment for depression 
delivered by lay counsellors in primary care: 12-month follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. PLoS 
Med. 2017;14:e1002385 (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002385, accessed 17 March 2018).
51. 
Hudson P, Remedios C, Zordan R, Thomas K, Clifton D, Crewdson M et al. Guidelines for the psychosocial 
and bereavement support of family caregivers of palliative care patients. J Palliat Med. 2012;15:696–
702.
52. 
Sepulveda C, Marlin A, Yoshida T, Ullrich A. Palliative care: the World Health Organization’s global 
perspective. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2002;24:91–6.
53. 
Stjernswärd J, Foley KM, Ferris FD. The public health strategy for palliative care. J Pain Symptom Manage. 
2007 May;33(5):486–93.
54. 
Kellehear A. Health promotion and palliative care. In: Mitchell G, editor. Palliative care: a patient-centered 
approach. New York: CRC Press; 2008.
55. 
Binagwaho A, Farmer PE, Sabin Nsanzimana S et al. Rwanda 20 years on: investing in life. Lancet. 
2014;384:371–5.
56. 
Kurfi AM, Nnena KU, Idris SH, Nasir S. Barriers to use of primary health care in a low-income setting in 
Nigeria: a cross-sectional descriptive study. Lancet. 2013;382(Special issue):19.
57. 
Thayyil J, Cherumanalil JM. Assessment of status of patients receiving palliative home care and services 
provided in a rural area: Kerala, India. Indian J Palliat Care. 2012;September–December;18(3):213–18.
58. 
Peterson M. The Institute of Medicine Report. A manpower policy for primary health care: a commentary 
from the American College of Physicians. Introduction and discussion. Ann Intern Med. 1980;84:843–5.
59. 
Chino F, Peppercorn JM, Rushing C, Kamal AH, Altomare I, Samsa G et al. Out-of-pocket costs, financial 
distress, and underinsurance in cancer care. JAMA Oncology [online]. 10 August 2017. doi: 10.1001/
jamaoncol.2017.2148.
60. 
Murray S, Grant E, Grant A, Kendall M. Dying from cancer in developed and developing countries: lessons 
from two qualitative interview studies of patients and their carers. BMJ. 2003;326.
61. 
Murray S, Kendall M, Mitchell G, Moine S, Amblas J, Boyd K. Palliative care from diagnosis to death. BMJ. 
2017;356:j878.
62. 
Beernaert K, Deliens L, De Vleminck A, Devroey D, Pardon K, Van den Block L et al. Early identification 
of palliative care needs by family physicians: a qualitative study of barriers and facilitators from the 
perspective of family physicians, community nurses, and patients. Palliat Med. 2014;28(6):480–90.
63. 
Physician survey. Center for Studying Health System Change: 2008 (http://hscdataonline.s-3.com/
psurvey.asp, accessed 8 August 2016).
64. 
Williams AM, Wang L, Kitchen P. Differential impacts of care-giving across three caregiver groups in 
Canada: end-of-life care, long-term care and short-term care. Community Health Soc Care Community. 
2014;22(2):187–96.
65. 
Alma-Ata Declaration 1978. Geneva: World Health Organization: 1978 (http://www.who.int/social_
determinants/tools/multimedia/alma_ata/en, accessed 10 October 2017).
66. 
Community participation in local health and sustainable development: approaches and techniques. Geneva: 
World Health Organization; 2002 (http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/101065/
E78652.pdf, accessed 6 November 2017).
67. 
Kumar S. Models of delivering palliative and end-of-life care in India. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 
2013;7:216–22.
68. 
Clemens KE, Kuman S, Bruera E, Klaschik E, Jaspers B, De Lima L. Palliative care in developing countries: 
What are the important issues? Palliat Med. 21(3):173–5.


57
A WHO guide for planners, implementers and managers
69. 
Kumar SK, Numpeli M. Neighbourhood network in palliative care. Indian J Palliat Care. 2005;11:6–9.
70. 
Skinner S. Building community strengths: a resource book on capacity building. London: Community 
Development Foundation; 1997:1–2.
71. 
Primary Palliative Care Research Group (PPCRG). How to live and die well: a video for the public, patients 
and family carers. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh; 2017 (https://www.ed.ac.uk/usher/primary-
palliative-care/videos/patients-and-family-carers-individual, accessed 17 March 2018)
72. 
Elsner F, Centeno C, Cetto G, De Conno F, Ellershaw J, Eychmuller S et al. Recommendations of the 
European Association for Palliative Care (EAPC) for the development of undergraduate curricula 
in palliative medicine at European medical schools. Nilvoorde, Belgium: EAPC; 2013 (ISBN: 978-88-
902961-9-2) (http://www.eapcnet.eu/Themes/Education/Physicians/Recommendations.aspx, accessed 
17 March 2018).
73. 
Groot MM, Vernooij-Dassen MJ, Crul BJ, Grol RP. General practitioners (GPs) and palliative care: perceived 
tasks and barriers in daily practice. Palliat Med. 2005;19(2):111–18.
74. 
WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia. Training module on PEN interventions for primary health care 
workers: palliative care. New Delhi: World Health Organization; 2017. 
75. 
WHO Collaborating Centre for Community Participation in Palliative Care and Long Term Care. 
Palliative care: a workbook for carers. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017 (http://www.
instituteofpalliativemedicine.org/downloads/Palliative%20Care%20Workbook%20for%20Carers.pdf, 
accessed 17 March 2018).
76. 
Task shifting: rational redistribution of tasks among health workforce teams. Global recommendations 
and guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008 (http://www.who.int/healthsystems/TTR-Task-
Shifting.pdf, accessed April 28, 2018)
77. 
Balabanova D, Mills A, Conteh L, Akkazieva B, Banteyerga H, Dash U et al. Good health at low cost 25 
years on: lessons for the future of health systems strengthening. Lancet. 2013;381:2118–33.
78. 
Tangcharoensathien V, Pitayarangsarit S, Patcharanarumol W, Prakongsai P, Sumalee H, Tosanguan J et 
al. Promoting universal financial protection: how the Thai universal coverage scheme was designed to 
ensure equity. Health Res Policy Syst. 2013;11:25.
79. 
How nurses and cheap morphine made Uganda a model for palliative care. NewsDeeply; 2016 (https://
www.newsdeeply.com/womenandgirls/articles/2016/09/22/how-nurses-and-cheap-morphine-made-
uganda-a-model-for-palliative-care, accessed 17 March 2018).
80. 
Quality of Death Index: ranking palliative care across the world. The Economist. 2015 (http://www.
virtualhospice.ca/Assets/2015%20Quality%20of%20Death%20Index_20151013163458.pdf, 
accessed 17 March 2018).
81. 
Downing J, Leng M, Grant L. Implementing a palliative care nurse leadership fellowship program in 
Uganda. Oncol Nurs Forum. May 2016;43(3).
82. 
Nabudere H, Lamorde M. Advancing palliative care in the Uganda health system: an evidence-based 
policy brief International. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2014;30(6):621–5.
83. 
Powell RA, Mwangi-Powell FN, Kiyange F, Radbruch L, Harding R. Palliative care development in Africa: 
How can we provide enough quality care? BMJ Support Palliat Care. 2011;1:113–14.
84. 
Sallnow L, Kumar S, Numpeli M. Home-based palliative care in Kerala, India: the Neighbourhood Network 
in Palliative Care. Prog Palliat Care. 2010;18:14–17.
85. 
Kerala government palliative care policy for Kerala. Government of Kerala GO(P) No. 109/2008/H&FWD 
dated 15.4.2008. Kerala: Pallium India; 2008.
86. 
Berterame S, Erthal J, Thomas J, Fellner S, Vosse B, Clare P et al. Use of and barriers to access to opioid 
analgesics: a worldwide, regional, and national study. Lancet. 2016;387(10028):1644–56. 


Integrating palliative care and symptom relief into primary health care
58
87. 
Cleary J, Radbruch L, Torode J, Cherny NI. Formulary availability and regulatory barriers to accessibility 
of opioids for cancer pain in Asia: a report from the Global Opioid Policy Initiative (GOPI). Ann Oncol. 
2013;24(Suppl. 11):xi24–xi32.
88. 
United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961, as amended by the 1972 Protocol (https://
www.unodc.org/pdf/convention_1961_en.pdf, accessed 21 April 2018).
89. 
Cleary J, Radbruch L, Torode J, Cherny NI. Next steps in access and availability of opioids for the treatment 
of cancer pain: Reaching the tipping point? Ann Oncol. 2013;24(Suppl. 11):xi60–xi64.
90. 
Krakauer EL, Wenk R, Buitrago R, Jenkins P, Scholten W. Opioid inaccessibility and its human consequences: 
reports from the field. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2010;24:239–43.
91. 
INCB–WHO Guide on estimating requirements for substances under international control. New York: 
International Narcotics Control Board; 2012.
92. 
Albanese TH, Radwany SM, Mason H, Gayomali C, Dieter K. Assessing the financial impact of an inpatient 
acute palliative care unit in a tertiary care teaching hospital. J Palliat Med. 2013;16:289–94.
93. 
Chalkidou K, Marquez P, Dhillon PK, Teerawattananon Y, Anothaisintawee T, Gahelha CA et al. Evidence-
informed frameworks for cost-effective cancer care and prevention in low, middle, and high-income 
countries. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:e119–e131.
94. 
Davis MP, Temel JS, Balboni T, Glare P. A review of the trials which examine early integration of outpatient 
and home palliative care for patients with serious illnesses. Ann Palliat Med. 2015;4:99–121.
95. 
DesRosiers T, Cupido C, Pitout E, van Niekerk L, Badri M, Gyther L et al. A hospital-based palliative care 
service for patients with advanced organ failure in sub-Saharan Africa reduces admissions and increases 
home death rates. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2014;47(4):786–92.
96. 
Hanson LC, Usher B, Spragens L, Bernard S. Clinical and economic impact of palliative care consultation. 
J Pain Symptom Manage. 2008;35:340–6.
97. 
Hongoro C, Dinat N. A cost analysis of a hospital-based palliative care outreach program: implications 
for expanding public sector palliative care in South Africa. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2011;41:1015–24.
98. 
Mosoiu D, Dumitrescu M, Connor SR. Developing a costing framework for palliative care services. J Pain 
Symptom Manage. 2014;48:719–29.
99. 
Postier A, Chrastek J, Nugent S, Osenga K, Friedrichsdorf SJ. Exposure to home-based pediatric palliative 
and hospice care and its impact on hospital and emergency care charges at a single institution. J Palliat 
Med. 2014;17:183–8.
100. Rabow MW. What are the arguments that show outpatient palliative care is beneficial to medical 
systems? In: Goldstein NE, Morrison RS, editors. Evidenced-based practice of palliative care. Amsterdam: 
Elsevier; 2012.
101. Ramsey SD, Bansal A, Fedorenko CR et al. Financial Insolvency as a risk factor for early mortality among 
patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:980–6.
102. Jung H-m, Kim J, Heo DS, Baek SK. Health economics of a palliative care unit for terminal cancer patients: 
a retrospective cohort study. Support Care Cancer. 2012;20: 29–37.
103. May P, Normand C, Morrison RS. Economic impact of hospital inpatient palliative care consultation: 
review of current evidence and directions for future research. J Palliat Med. 2014;17:1054–63.
104. Smith TJ, Cassel JB. Cost and non-clinical outcomes of palliative care. J Pain Symptom Manage. 
2009;38:32–44.
105. Krakauer EL. Just palliative care: responding responsibly to the suffering of the poor. J Pain Symptom 
Manage. 2008;36:505–12.
106. Temel JS, Greer JA, Muzikansky A, Gallagger ER, Admane S, Jackson VA et al. Early palliative care for 
patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. New Engl J Med. 2010;363(8);733–42.


59
A WHO guide for planners, implementers and managers
107. Lavy V. Presenting symptoms and signs in children referred for palliative care in Malawi. Palliat Med. 
2007;21:333–9.
108. Tapsfield JB, Bates MJ. Hospital based palliative care in sub-Saharan Africa: a six month review from 
Malawi. BMC Palliat Care. 2011;10:12 (http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-684X/10/12, accessed 17 
March 2018).
109. Shawawra M, Amal Dweib Khleif AD. Palliative care situation in Palestinian Authority. J Pediatr Hematol 
Oncol. 2011;33:S64–S67.
110. Ministry of Health of Viet Nam. Palliative care in Viet Nam: findings from a rapid situation analysis 
in five provinces. Hanoi: Government of Viet Nam; 2006 (http://www.fhi.org/NR/rdonlyres/
eipvd7xpozuuv2fahngvco7hd56bagz5kesspc4gpfdkjo5ljfkxwib2bavaegcfwvv7icesvoltnp/
RSAReportEng.pdf, accessed 17 March 2018).
111. Eisenchlas JH, Harding R, Daud ML, Pérez M, De Simone GG, Higginson IJ. Use of the Palliative 
Outcome Scale in Argentina: a cross-cultural adaptation and validation study. J Pain Symptom Manage. 
2008;35:188–202.
112. Harding R, Selman L, Agupio G, Dinat N, Downing J, Gwyther L et al. Validation of a core outcome 
measure for palliative care in Africa: the APCA African Palliative Outcome Scale. Health Qual of Life 
Outcomes. 2010;8:10 (http://www.hqlo.com/content/8/1/10, accessed 17 March 2018).
113. Zimmermann C, Swami N, Krzyzanowska M, Leighi N, Rydall A, Rodin G et al. Perceptions of palliative 
care among patients with advanced cancer and their caregivers. CMAJ. 2016;188(10):e217–e227.
114. Chalmers I, Bracken MB, Djulbegovic B, Garattini S, Grant J, Gülmezoglu AM et al. How to increase value 
and reduce waste when research priorities are set. Lancet. 2014;383:156–65.
115. Smith R, Best S, Noble R. Identifying palliative and end of life care research priorities: a UK approach to 
consult end users. Eur J Pall Care. 2015;22:114–17.
116. Sharkey L, Loring B, Cowan M, Riley L, Krakauer EL. National palliative care capacities around the world: 
results from the World Health Organization Noncommunicable Disease Country Capacity Survey. Palliat 
Med. 2017 doi: 10.1177/0269216317716060. [Epub ahead of print]
117. Economist Intelligence Unit. Global access to healthcare: building sustainable health systems. London: 
The Economist; 2017.
118. Jamison DT, Alwan A, Mock CN, Nugent R, Watkins A, Adeyi O et al. Universal health coverage and 
intersectoral action for health. In: Jamison DT, Gelband H, Horton S, Jha P, Laxminarayan R, Mock 
CN et al., editors. Disease control priorities, 3rd edition, volume 9: Improving health and reducing 
poverty. Washington DC: World Bank; 2018:235–46 (https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/
handle/10986/28877/9781464805271.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y, accessed 17 March 2018).
119. Verguet S, Kim JJ, Jamison DT. Extended cost-effectiveness analysis for health policy assessment: a 
tutorial. Pharmacoeconomics. 2016;34:913–23.
120. Murray S, Firth A, Schneider N, Van den Eynden B, Gomez-Batiste X, Brogaard T et al. Promoting palliative 
care in the community: production of the primary palliative care toolkit by the European Association of 
Palliative Care Taskforce in primary palliative care. Palliat Med. 2015;29:101–111.
121. Giezendanner S, Jung C, Banderet H-R, Otte IC, Gudat H, Haller DM et al. General practitioners’ 
attitudes towards essential competencies in end-of-life care: a cross-sectional survey. PLoS One. 
2017;12:e0170168.
122. Mitchell S, Loew J, Millington-Sanders C, Dale J. Providing end-of-life care in general practice: findings of 
a national GP questionnaire survey. Br J Gen Pract. 2016;66:e647–e653.
123. Maas E, Murray S, Engels Y, Campbell C. What tools are available to identify patients with palliative 
care needs?: – a systematic literature review and survey of European practice. BMJ Support Palliat Care. 
2013;3: 444–52.


Integrating palliative care and symptom relief into primary health care
60
124. De Vleminck A, Pardon K, Beernaert K, Deschepper R, Houttekier D, Van Audenhove C et al. Barriers to 
advance care planning in cancer, heart failure and dementia patients: a focus group study on general 
practitioners’ views and experiences. PLoS One. 2014;9:e84905.
125. Ziehm J, Farin E, Seibel K, Becker G, Köberich S. Health care professionals’ attitudes regarding palliative 
care for patients with chronic heart failure: an interview study. BMC Palliat Care. 2016:15:76. doi: 
10.1186/s12904-016-0149-9.
126. Campbell C, Baernholdt M. Community health workers’ palliative care learning needs and training: 
results from a partnership between a US university and a rural community organization in Mpumalanga 
Province, South Africa. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2016;27:440–9.



Yüklə 1,95 Mb.

Dostları ilə paylaş:
1   ...   31   32   33   34   35   36   37   38   ...   50




Verilənlər bazası müəlliflik hüququ ilə müdafiə olunur ©azkurs.org 2024
rəhbərliyinə müraciət

gir | qeydiyyatdan keç
    Ana səhifə


yükləyin