Content:
1.General information about German languages
2.Indo -European languages
3.General characteristic of Germanic languages
4.Historical development of Germanic languages
5.Derivation and word building of Germanic languages
6.Derivation of verbs and nouns of Germanic languages
"The Germanic languages are a group of related languages constituting a branch of
the Indo-European (IE) language family. The common ancestor of all languages
comprising this branch is Proto-Germanic, spoken in approximately the mid-1st
millennium BC in Iron Age northern Europe. Proto-Germanic, along with all of its
descendants, is characterized by a number of unique linguistic features, most
famously the consonant change known as Grimm's law. Early Germanic varieties
enter history with the Germanic peoples who settled in northern Europe along the
borders of the Roman Empire from the second century.
The most-spoken Germanic languages are English and German, with
approximately 400 and 100 million native speakers respectively. The group
includes other major languages, such as Dutch with 23 million and Afrikaans with
over 16 million speakers; and the North Germanic languages including Norwegian,
Danish, Swedish, Icelandic, and Faroese with a combined total of about 20 million
speakers.
When we say Germanic languages, we’re referring to all of the languages that were
once part of the language ancestor Proto-Germanic. Linguists believe this language
was spoken between 500 BCE until around the 5th century CE, when it began to
split into different branches.
So which languages are in this family, and how do they compare to each other
today? Let’s have a look.
Which languages are the members of the Germanic family?
Besides the obvious answer, German, there are at least 47 living Germanic
languages around today. Most linguists talk about this language family in terms of
three branches: the Northern, Eastern and Western Germanic languages. From
these three branches, we can group all the Germanic languages we know today.
The Northern Germanic languages (also known as Scandinavian or Nordic
languages) include Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Icelandic and Faroese. This
whole branch descended from Old Norse, and still enjoys quite a bit of mutual
intelligibility between the languages today.
The Western Germanic languages include German, English, Dutch, Frisian,
Pennsylvania Dutch, Luxembourgish, Yiddish and Afrikaans, along with a variety
of disparate languages that often get lumped together as German or Dutch dialects.
Unfortunately, all of the Eastern Germanic languages went extinct starting in the
4th century, and the last living language of this branch died in the late 18th century.
How Many People Speak Germanic Languages?
Around 515 million people speak a Germanic language natively, with English
accounting for around 360 million speakers. (The next biggest language of the
group is German with approximately 76 million native speakers.)
However, if we include the number of second-language speakers, then the number
jumps up to around 2 billion speakers (mostly, again, from English).
Did all Germanic languages evolve from German?
While quite a few people still believe that all Germanic languages evolved from
different German dialects, it would be more accurate to say that they are all
linguistic siblings. In this case, German isn’t the parent language, but just another
offspring of Proto-Germanic. This is why they seem so similar!
How Similar Are Germanic Languages?
Let’s start by taking a look at two of the biggest members of this branch: German
and Dutch. I’ve often noticed that German speakers have this surprised, curious
facial expression when they see Dutch words written out.
MODERN GERMANIC LANGUAGES
Languanges can be classified according to different principles .The historical , or
genealogical classifications, groups languages in accordance with their origin from
a common linguistic ancestor.
Genetically,English,German belong to the Germanic or Teutonic group of
languages , which is one of twelve groups of the IE linguistic family.Most of the
area of Europe and large parts of other continents are occupied today by the IE
languages , Germanic being one of the their major groups.
THE GERMANIC LANGUAGES IN MODERN WORLD ARE AS FOLLOWS:
1.English is spoken in Great Britain , Ireland , the USA,Canada, Australia, New
Zealand, the South African Republic and dominions. In India English is considered
as a second official language.
2.German-in Germany,Australia, Luxembourg,Liechtenstin, part of Switzerland.
3.Netherlands – in the Netherlands and Belgium ,Flanders
4.Afrikaans – in the South African Republic
5.Danish – in Denmark
6. Swedish- in Sweden and Finland
7.Norwegian – in Norwey
8. Icelandic – in Iceland
9. Frisian – in some regions of the Netherlands and Germany
10. Frisians – in the Faroe islands
11.Yiddish – in different countries , spoken by Jewish population .
List of Germanic languages given in manuals and reference books differ in some
points , for the distinction between separate languages and dialects varies.It is
difficult to estimate the number of people speaking Germanic languages.The total
number of people speaking Germanic languages approaches 440 million .All the
Germanic languages are related to through their common origin and joint
development at the early stages of history will show where and when the Germanic
arose and acquired their common features and also how they have developed into
modern independent tongues.
2.Indo-European is a family of languages that first spread throughout Europe and
many parts of South Asia, and later to every corner of the globe as a result of
colonization. The term Indo-European is essentially geographical since it refers to
the easternmost extension of the family from the Indian subcontinent to its
westernmost reach in Europe. The family includes most of the languages of
Europe, as well as many languages of Southwest, Central and South Asia. With
over 2.6 billion speakers (or 45% of the world’s population), the Indo-European
language family has the largest number of speakers of all language families as well
as the widest dispersion around the world.
The cradle of the Indo-Europeans may never be known but an ongoing scholarly
debate about the original homeland of Proto-Indo-European (PIE), may some day
shed light on the ancestors of all Indo-European languages as well as the people
who spoken it.
The Indo-European languages include 150 languages spoken by about 3 billion
people, most of the major language families of Europe and western Asia which
belong to a single superfamily.
The hypothesis that this was so was first proposed by Sir William Jones, who
noticed similarities between four of the oldest languages known in his time,
Sanskrit, Latin, Greek,and Persian. Systematic comparison of these and other old
languages conducted by Franz Bopp supported this theory. In the 19th century,
scholars used to call the group "Indo-Germanic languages". However when it
became apparent that the connection is relevant to most of Europe's languages, the
name was expanded to Indo-European. An example of this was the strong
similarity discovered between Sanskrit and olden dialects of Lithuanian.The
common ancestral (reconstructed) language is called Proto-Indo-European (PIE).
There is disagreement as to the geographic location where it originated from, with
Armenia and the area to the north or west of the Black Sea being prime examples
of proposed candidates.
The various subgroups of the Indo-European family include:
•
Indo-Iranian languages
•
Italic languages (including Latin and its descendants, the Romance
languages)
•
Germanic languages
•
Celtic languages
•
Baltic languages
•
Slavic languages
•
Illyrian languages (extinct)
•
Albanian language (and extinct cousins)
•
Anatolian languages (extinct, most notable was the language of the Hittites)
•
Tocharian languages (extinct tongues of Tocharians)
•
Greek language
•
Armenian language
Most spoken European-languages belong to the Indo-European superfamily. There
are, however, language families which do not. The Finno-Ugric language family,
which includes Hungarian, Estonian, Finnish and the languages of the Saami, is an
example. The Caucasian language family is another. The Basque language is
unusual in that it appears to be separate from all other language families.
The Maltese language and Turkish are two examples of languages spoken in
Europe which have definite non-European origins. Turkish being Turkic, and
Maltese being largely derived from Arabic.
It has been proposed that Indo-European languages are part of the hypothetical.The
discovery of the Indo-Europeans is one of the most fascinating stories in modern
scholarship. The tale begins with linguists in the late 1700's, in particular, William
Jones, a British judge who lived in India and in 1786 was the first person to
suggest the possibility of Indo-European civilization. Jones' hypothesis opened a
new door to the past and sparked the modern science of historical linguistics.
Indo-European theory rests on the fact that various languages from all across
Eurasia, in lands as far apart as India and Iceland, show many essential similarities,
enough that they must have originated as a single tongue at some point long ago.
Once Jones' successors began exploring the full linguistic record from this
perspective, corroborating evidence started pouring in from all quarters. Parallels
in vocabulary and grammar quickly emerged among foreign languages,
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