Substance Addiction
“A Chronic Brain Disease”
What you will Learn
• Addiction is a Brain Disease
– Understand the Structure and Pathways Associated
with changes in the brain.
• Addiction is a Chronic Condition
– Recognize the similarities of addiction and other
Chronic Conditions
• Addiction is Treatable & Preventable
– Identify current recommendations for management of
addiction as a chronic disease.
– Prevent future health consequences by making
healthy lifestyle choices.
Myths & Misconceptions
• A person addicted to
drugs / alcohol is
– Bad, crazy, simply stupid
– Lacking willpower
– Hopeless
– Must be punished as a
means to force them to
change
– Must reach bottom
before they can get help
A Complex Illness
• Reward
Pathways
• Emotional
Centers
• Memory
Centers
• Perceptions &
Judgments
Changes in the Brain
• Over Time Addiction causes changes in the
brain.
– Brain Structure
• Prefrontal Cortex, limbic system
– Brain Pathways (neural connections)
• Dopamine pathway, seratonin pathway
– Brain Chemicals
• Dopamine, seratonin,endorphin, glutamate
Brain Pathways
Brain Chemicals
• Dopamine
– a feel good
chemical.
• Seratonin
– the happy, anti-
worry, flexibility chemical.
• GaBA
– an inhibitory
neurotransmitter that helps
calm or relax the brain
• Endorphins
– the brains
own natural pleasure and
pain killing chemical
• Glutamate
– locks the
pleasureable experience
into memory
The Addict’s Dilemma
• The brain is hard wired to
seek rewards … food,
water, sex (for survival)
• Addictive drugs activate
this same reward
pathway creating
Powerful desires that
mimic survival needs.
• Psyche – automatically
seeks refuge from STRESS
/ PAIN -
• Prefrontal Cortex
(judgment & decision
making) – tells the addict
to stop … bad things are
happening …
• Limbic System (pleasure /
reward/survival) system
override those commands
with uncontrollable
cravings and a compulsive
drive to seek rewards and
refuge from stress/pain.
The Addiction Cycle & the 4 C’s
• Craving (dopamine; brain is hard wired to
crave rewards)
• Compulsion (low seratonin levels)
• Loss of Control (damage to the prefrontal
cortex; right & wrong)
• Continued Use Despite Consequences –
further damage to prefrontal
cortex (interferes with judgement).
Predisposition & Progression
Genetics / Environment
Initiation
Heavy Use
Dependence
Substance Use ………
Substance Misuse / Substance Abuse
Substance Dependence / Addiction
The Disease Model
• Only about 100 years old
• Emerged from Germ Theory
• Organ >>>> Defect >>>> Symptoms
– Femur > Fracture > Pain/Deformity
– Pancreas > Insulin Secretion > Symptoms of Diabetes
• Doctors go after the Defect to cure the
disease.
Is addiction a Disease?
• Disease is a departure
from health.
• Disease –” a disordered
or incorrectly
functioning organ, part,
structure or system of
the body.
– Defect (malady)
– Signs & Symptoms
– Predictable Natural
Course
– Specific Outcome if left
untreated
– Risk Factors
– Early Warning Signs
– Diagnostic Criteria
Signs & Symptoms
• Cravings
• Compulsion
• Loss of Control
• Continued use Despite
Consequences
• Tolerance
– A State in which an
organism no longer
responds to a drug
– A higher dose is required
to achieve the same
effect.
• Withdrawal
– Manifested as a physical
disturbance when the
drug is removed
(withdrawal)
Addiction Progresses in Stages
Substance use
Substance Abuse (Risky Use)
Substance Dependence / Addiction
DSM IV makes a clear distinction between substance abuse /
addiction; the pattern of compulsive use is the distinguishing
factor.
Initiation
Tolerance
Dependence
Predictable Natural Course
Addiction Progresses in Stages
(Incidence in General Population)
Cancer Progresses in Stages
Substance Dependence as a Brain Disease
•
Substance dependence: fundamentally, a
brain disease
•
Prolonged drug use changes the brain in
fundamental and long-lasting ways
–
Both structural and functional
•
Drugs change brain circuits and
motivational priorities
–
More than simple pursuit of pleasure
control
on cocaine
www.drugabuse.gov
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Addiction
A chronic Progressive disease
• Hypertension
• Type II Diabetes
• Atherosclerosis
• Asthma
• Obesity
• COPD
• Genetic Predisposition
• Environmental factors
• Social Factors
• Progressive over time
• Signs & Symptons
• Structural / Functional
malady (defect)
• Risk Factors
• Protective Factors
Brain Disease / Heart disease
Risk Factors
General Risk Factors
1. Psychological
2. Behavioral
3. Social
4. Demographic
5. Family
6. Genetics
Stress and Addiction
are closely linked.
Increased stress
creates a significant
increase in risk for
addiction.
Occupational Hazard for Nurses
Workplace Risk Factors
1. Stress
2. Access
3. Lack of Education
4. Attitude
• 5 Attitudes that
increase risk for nurses.
– Acceptable means of
coping
– Faith in what drugs can
do to relieve stress &
pain.
– Sense of entitlement
– Invulnerable
– Accepting of self
diagnosis and self
medicating
Protective Factors
• Lifestyle Risk Reduction
– Stress Reduction Activities
• Exercise, Meditation, Yoga, Painting, Music
– Healthy Lifestyle
• Proper Nutrition, regular exercise
– Healthy Relationships
• Healthy emotional bonds with others
– Healthy Work and Social Environments
• Environments that support healthy living
Prevention / Treatment
• Lifestyle Changes
• Behavior modification
• Outpatient Therapy
• Inpatient Treatment
• Pharmacotherapy
– Medication coupled with
adjunctive lifestyle
modifications can be of
great therapeutic benefit
in treating addiction
top down surface view
during substance abuse
underside surface view
top down surface view
after a year drug and alcohol free
underside surface view
Medical science requires assessing the target
organ in conjunction with the behavior. For
addiction, the target organ is the brain
SPECT Images courtesy of D.G. Amen, MD
Etiology of Substance Dependence: A
Multifactorial Neurologic Disorder
Biological
Dysregulation
Cultural
Environmental
Genetic
Social
Psychological
SUBSTANCE
USE
DISORDER
Questions
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