Ancient cities of Uzbekistan Done by: Zinatdinnova Shokhida

Ancient cities of Uzbekistan

Done by: Zinatdinnova Shokhida

Group: C1

Checked by:

Taspanova Jig’agul

QMU
Information about historical monuments of Samarkand
The natural abundance of the Zarafshan River valley, where Samarkand was born, was praised in the sacred poems of the Avesta. Greek sources mentioned the city of Samarkand in the form of Marokand in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. In the Middle Ages, the ruins of ancient Samarkand were called Afrosiyab. The first written reference to the city of Samarkand dates back to 329 BC, when it was occupied by Greek-Macedonian armies led by Alexander the Great. In the first centuries AD, the city fell under the rule of the powerful Kangyu state.In the 6th and 7th centuries, Ishkhi rulers who worked closely with the Turkish khanate came to the throne in Samarkand. At the end of the 7th century - the beginning of the 8th century, the armies of the Arab conquerors appeared.
In the spring of 1220, the city was captured by Genghis Khan's troops and demolished to its ancient ground. In the middle of the 14th century and the 15th century, the economic, political and cultural life of Samarkand experienced a new incomparable rise. It was during this period that Samarkand became famous in the world as the capital of a huge state created by Temur, stretching from the Volga to the Ganges, from the Tien-Shan range to the Bosphorus. Amir Temur dreamed of turning the capital of Samarkand into a beautiful city.
From every military campaign he made to India, Afghanistan, Iran, Syria, Trans-Caucasus, Turkey, he brought the most skilled architects, goldsmiths and scholars to Samarkand. Within his country, Temur was a creator. He generously supported artists and poets, thinkers and scientists. This character later passed on to his grandson - Mirzo Ulugbek, whose star catalog and map created five centuries ago still amazes the whole world.
It was during the rule of the Timurids that Samarkand reached its highest perfection.
Information about historical monuments of Bukhara
Everyone who visited Bukhara and saw this ancient city must have noticed the strange-looking "caps" on the tops of the towers. These are stork nests. These white birds, a symbol of hope, can be a symbol of the city, its stability and loyalty. The rich and beautiful city was the target of invasion attacks by various enemies many times, and the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars was the most severe and razing to the ground. But Bukhara would always be restored in the same place, loyal to its land and traditions, and rebuilt.
The founding of Bukhara goes back to ancient times. In 1997, according to the decision of UNESCO, the whole cultural world celebrated its 2500th anniversary. Legends connect the emergence of the city with Siovush, one of the Zoroastrian gods associated with the image of a historical person. The oldest part of Bukhara is its fortress - Ark, where archaeologists found some finds dating back to IV-III centuries BC. This is a big hill with a height of 20 meters, where there used to be the palace of the emir of Bukhara, his harem, treasury, rooms where weapons were stored, and a dungeon for the most dangerous criminals. They are currently being restored.
One of the oldest monuments of Bukhara is the Ismail Somoni mausoleum, built by the founder of the Somoni dynasty at the beginning of the 10th century. The mausoleum is a cube-shaped building covered with a hemispherical dome. The Samonite mausoleum is the first building made of baked bricks that has come down to us in the architecture of Central Asia, in which bricks were used both for construction and decoration.
Information about historical monuments of Khiva
Khiva is a museum-city, but it is a populated city like Rome. Like many cities of the East, Khiva was built near the Khayvak reservoir, located in the lower reaches of the Amudarya, and developed in the irrigated lands of the Khorezm oasis.
Archaeological research shows that the city is at least 2500 years old. All this gave the UNESCO organization the reason to declare Khiva as a protected city, and to recognize Ichan Castle, which is the inner part of the city, as a historical monument of world importance. The book "Avesta" provides historical information about Khorezm. Herodotus, considered the "father of history", spoke about Khorezm and the Khorezm people. Beruni told a story about ancient farming in Khorezm.
Khiva is one of the few cities in the world in which historical construction, buildings and structures as a whole, in fact an entire open-air city, have been practically preserved in historical condition. The monumental constructions of the city of Khiva between the end of the 18th and 19th centuries created a supposedly rebuilt city, which amazes us with the speed of its construction during the lifetime of only two or three generations of masters. But situations that would otherwise be disastrous - haphazard constructions on small pieces of land, extremely cramped conditions and lack of land - caused the reckless beauty, elegance and variety of architectural structures here. This Ichan Castle, which is the most densely built part of Khiva, turned into an architectural museum by the will of fate, in its monuments we can see the most beautiful works of folk masters.
Information about historical monuments of Kokan
Local historians and archaeologists believe that the city is more than 2,000 years old. The first information about Kokan can be found in written sources of the 10th century. There are various assumptions about its etymology [for example, it appears in the works of Istakhri and Ibn Havqal in the form of "Havokand" (Hokand), meaning "beautiful", "pleasant" or "city of the wind". In later centuries, the term "Hokhandi Latif" was also used. In addition, there are versions "the city on the heights", "the city of the Hular" [that is, "the city of the Hu (ku) tribe"]. In ancient Chinese manuscripts, the name Kokan is expressed as "Guyshan", "Khohan".
There is very little information about the political history of Kokan before the 18th century. When Kokan was conquered by Russian troops, most of the archives of the Kokan Khanate were taken away. Kokan was located on the caravan route to India and China in ancient times. It was completely destroyed by the Mongols in the 13th century. After that, until the 18th century, Ko'kan existed as a small settlement. In 1709, after the establishment of the Koqan Khanate, in 1711, the present Koqan city was founded on the site of the Eskiqorgan fortress, a fortification and a fortress were built.

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