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By SONG Jianlan (Staff Reporter)
For a Healthier and Wealthier
Developing World
Offering lectures both on science frontier and practical skills, a training course
on food biotechnology specially tailored for developing countries showed
how biotechnology can upgrade ancient approaches to food production, like
fermentation.
Fermentation, an ancient method of food production, is able to improve
foods and beverages with respect to flavor, texture and nutritional
value. Showed are bubbles forming in the process of beer brewing.
(Photo: Wikipedia)
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Dr. Wilbert Sybesma tells the story of “Yoba”. (Photo by SONG J.)
“
A small sachet of the seed starter can produce over
one hundred of meals,” Dr. Wilbert Sybesma waved a
small package when introducing “Yoba”, a yoghurt-
like beverage based on local-sourced probiotic bacteria
strains to the participants at a food biotechnology training
course occurring in Beijing: “It is very very affordable,” he
asserted. When asked about the shelf life of the sachet, his
answer stirred a wave of excitement: “At least three years
under ambient environment.”
Dr. Sybesma was teaching at the 2015 Food
Biotechnology Training Course for Developing Countries
occurring from November 26 to December 2, 2015 in
Beijing, organized by the CAS-TWAS Centre of Excellence
for Biotechnology (CoEBio, http://www.cas-twas-coebio.
org/), which is based in the CAS Institute of Microbiology
(IMCAS, http://www.im.cas.cn). Through dissemination
of biotechnology, the organizers hoped to help promote
science excellence in developing countries, targeting the
needs of the local social and economic developments. The
training course covered fundamentals of fermentation,
including the dynamics and products of the metabolic
process in microorganisms, the potential of fermentation
to improve food quality and increase nutritional value,
modern techniques of strain selection and optimization, and
practical skills needed in lab experiments, grant application,
academic publication and team building. On top of these,
a practical workshop embedded in the training offered an
exciting opportunity for the participants to turn their dreams
true: they were encouraged to propose their ideas to develop
new fermented foods for their local people, aiming at
solving some local issues. The outstanding proposals would
win financial and technical aids from the organizers.
Dr. Sybesma, currently working for Nestlé Research
Center, co-founded the Yoba for Life Foundation, a non-
profit organization active in East Africa that aims to
improve health and wealth in developing countries through
the development, production and distribution of Yoba.
An important idea of this project involves establishing
indigenous ability to produce this healthy, affordable
beverage. For this sake Dr. Sybesma not only shared his
team’s experience of Yoba, but also the science involved
in developing the starter yeasts, particularly modern
biotechnology for strain selection and optimization.
Magic Powder
“The secret of its long shelf life is,” answered Dr.
Sybesma to the inquiry of a trainee: “We made it very dry
— the drier the better, and stored it together with some dry
starch, which supplies the strains with maintenance energy
Trainees in class. (Photo by SONG J.)
to survive at low metabolic rates.”
This handy sachet starter consists of optimized
strain combinations of probiotic bacteria identified and
selected from the local environment of Uganda. Using
local species and strains makes it easier for the microbial
community to survive; also it promises better robustness
in presence of adversity. “Another reason is the costs,” Dr.
Sybesma added: “Otherwise the end products could be too
expensive for the local people, which would not be what
we expected.”
This magic powder interested the audience immediately.
“Maybe we can find some local probiotic strains and make
our own brand of ‘Yoba’,” said Furqana Khalid Chaghtai,
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a trainee from University of Karachi, Pakistan. “It’s better
than importing the microbes from Uganda, at least for a
better survival of the probiotics,” she laughed. According
to Afolake Atinuke Olanbiwoninu, trainee from University
of Ibadan, Nigeria, they have in their country a fermented
beverage similar to yoghurt. “Therefore Yoba is not exotic
for us,” she commented, agreeing it is easy to transplant the
idea to her homeland, though geographically Nigeria is not
so close to Uganda, where the “Yoba for Life” concept has
thrived for years.
More important secrets of the starter for Yoba,
however, lie in the science profoundly seated in the
construction of the microbial community, which has
demonstrated excellent quality, stability and robustness.
To deliver the involved knowledge, Dr. Sybesma prepared
three lectures, with the first focusing on the probiotic
bacteria themselves, including the concept of such special
species, the characters distinguishing themselves from
other bacteria, health benefits of them for humans, how
they survive the digestion process and the acid environment
of human intestinal tracts to work alive at the depth of
the guts, and methods of identifying the strains from their
environment.
Valued Seeds
“What should you rescue if you could choose only
one thing from your bakery when it caught fire? The dear
piece of old sourdough.” — An experienced baker
The value of a good leavening agent for a bakery could
never be over-stated, but only very few people know the
secret of the microbiota involved.
The microbial community in a starter culture for
fermentation could be extremely complicated, as the result
from a long evolution process of an ecosystem comprised
of yeasts, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and probably molds
— which could be annals of wars among species and
strains. This means the compositions, and the subtle
equilibrium or the robust symbiosis among different actors
in the community could be impossible to replicate. The
same uniqueness constitutes the value of the seed starter of
Yoba. How did they make it? Dr. Sybesma unraveled the
secrets in the yeasts in his second lecture.
Particularly, Dr. Sybesma introduced techniques
for strain construction and selection, illustrating how to
meet different goals with aid from modern biotechnology,
for example how to make the colons more acid tolerant
(which is important for their survival in human guts), more
stable at high temperatures, and more productive; and
how to improve the nutrients in the end product through
manipulating compositions of strains in the starter. For
this sake Dr. Sybesma introduced multiple techniques,
both genome modification (GM) and non-GM techniques
involved in screening and selection of desired strains,
including random mutagenesis (spontaneous or induced)
and site directed mutagenesis, dominant selection schemes,
and single-strained DNA recombineering. This arrangement
provided alternative options for consumers who are
concerned about genetically modified foods.
In his third lecture Dr. Sybesma introduced the concept
of and the latest research on bacteriophages, which are seen
as a possible therapy against multi-drug-resistant strains
of many bacteria, as a potential way to combat bacterial
infections in developing countries.
Dr. Herwig Bachmann from NIZO Food Research, Vrije
Universiteit Amsterdam of the Netherlands also dealt with
the choice of organisms and their improvement/selection for
desired metabolic activities in food fermentation. He touched
Dr. Wilbert Sybesma explains to the audience how to isolate
probiotic bacteria from the environment. (Photo by SONG J.)
A trainee-lecturer discussion. (Photo by SONG J.)
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on more technical details, including how to characterize
different organisms based on sequence information and
high throughput phenotyping. With attention cast to the
biodiversity of the ecosystem and interactions between
strains, his introduction of quantitative methods like
metabolic modeling and cases of growth strategies made his
illustration of experimental evolution of industrially relevant
traits more inspiring.
Sustainable Production
As showed in the case of Yoba, to reconstitute a
microbial community for expected fermentation to produce
foods of desired quality is difficult, but not impossible. With
aid from modern biotechnology, scientists nowadays are
able to determine the compositions and even manipulate the
evolution of the ecosystem of the reconstituted microbial
community, at least to some extent, to meet certain goals,
say to assure good taste and texture, or even better, with
enhanced healthy nutrients like folic acid, amino acids,
low-calorie sugars, anti-microbial peptides like nisin etc.,
in the end products. Such developments have offered better
opportunities for underdeveloped countries and regions
to solve malnutrition problems and mitigate poverty with
fermented foods; also they provide new opportunities for
sustainable production of nutritional components and hence
contribute to the sustainable development.
Prof. Jeroen Hugenholtz, Senior Scientist of
Bioconversion at Food & Biobased Research at Wageningen
UR of the Netherlands, an internationally acclaimed expert
in food fermentation, has been working with the CoEBio
for years to disseminate fermentation-related biotechnology.
After introduction of fundamentals of fermentation, he
shared various fermentative approaches to improving foods
and beverages with respect to flavor, texture and nutritional
value. Particularly he introduced a number of different
fermentative microorganisms and their metabolic pathways
to flavor compounds, exopolysaccharides or vitamins,
suggesting solutions to increasing the flux through the
mentioned pathways.
With emphasis on sustainable production of
ingredients, Prof. Hugenholtz gave more details about how
to produce essential ingredients like low-calorie sugars,
natural colors, antifungals and even biobased/renewable
plastics via fermentation, as alternatives for the food and
beverage industry.
Echoing the idea to use fermentation as a substitute
for industrial production, Dr. DU Guocheng from
the School of Biotechnology of Jiangnan University,
China shared with the audience his research on acid-
tolerant mechanism and metabolic regulation of
Propionibacterium acidipropionici, a family of bacteria
able to synthesize propionic acid (PA). Given that the
latter’s calcium, sodium and potassium salts are widely
used as preservatives in animal feeds and human foods
due to their antimicrobial properties, and PA itself is an
important chemical widely used in agriculture, food and
pharmaceutical industries, more and more scientists are
getting interested in R&D aimed at biosynthesis of PA,
to solve the pollution and energy problems caused by the
chemical synthesis process. Dr. DU is among them. His
study aims at solving a paradox in the PA biosynthesis
in the cell factory of these bacteria: the increase in
concentration of PA produced in the cells inhibits the cell
growth and PA synthesis itself. Inspired by the idea that
rational regulation of metabolic pathways through genetic
modifications might provide a solution, they performed
a systematic analysis and investigation to understand the
acid-tolerant mechanism of strains. Through comparing
the wild-type Propionibacterium acidipropionici and
its acid-tolerant mutants obtained by genome shuffling,
they investigated the acid-tolerant mechanism of
Propionibacterium acidipropionici at different sub-cellular
levels, using metabolomics, proteomics, genomics and
other modern methods. Based on this they succeeded in
designing and constructing a gene expression system, to
control and optimize the distribution of metabolic flux. As
a result they successfully increased the production of PA
with Propionibacterium acidipropionici.
Healthier World
Another expert, Prof. Dr Ing. Christophe Lacroix,
Professor for Food Biotechnology of the Department of
Prof. Jeroen Hugenholtz shares various fermentative approaches
to improve foods and beverages with respect to flavor, texture
and nutritional value. (Photo by courtesy of CoEBio)
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Health Science and Technology, ETH-Zurich, brought a
lecture on biopreservation and antifungal cultures as natural
solutions to food spoilage or even diseases in humans.
He shared knowledge on species that suppress fungi, for
example antifungal LAB, propionic acid bacteria and
combinations of them, highlighting recent achievements
made by academia in antifungal metabolites and further
inhibitory mechanisms. In his lecture he illustrated the role
of combined high-throughput screening and comparative
genomics in identifying the genes and functions that are
responsible for antimicrobial activity.
In his second lecture, Prof. Lacroix turned to an
interesting topic, the ironic effect of nutritional components
on gut microbiota and human health. The complicated
ecosystem of the innumerable different bacteria inhabited in
human guts — which harbor over 3 million genes, as many
as 100 times the coding capacity of human genome — is still
poorly understood by scientists. The microbiota composition
and metabolic activities of this largely unknown system are
impacted by the diet, and in turn the host metabolism and
metabolites also interact with the gut microbiota and diet,
hence shaping a complex interaction network, which plays a
previously neglected role in gut health and diseases including
diabetes, malnutrition and obesity. In his lecture Prof. Lacroix
shared his study in the absorption of iron (Fe), an important
nutrient and its interaction with the gut microbiota. Previous
research found that Fe is poorly absorbed and moreover,
90~95% of ingested Fe is “burnt out” in its interaction with
the gut microbiota, and Fe supplementation or fortification
could ironically increase the occurrence of infectious
diseases, including diarrhea and dysentery. Prof. Lacroix
introduced how his team developed integrated multi-scale
strategies to understand the complex effects and mechanisms
of dietary iron on infants’ gut microbiota and inflammation
of humans living in different environments, combining
advanced in vivo and in vitro studies. They discovered that
Fe supplementation is safe in the environment with low
infectious disease, and iron can increase the activity of the
gut microbiota and energy extraction from the diet. On
the contrary, when Fe supplementation is administrated to
infected and malnourished infants in Africa, enteropathogens
could be promoted while beneficial bacteria repressed,
causing imbalance of the microbiota and worsened gut
inflammation. He also introduced safer iron supplementation
strategies for infants in developing countries designed by his
team.
Practical Skills
In response to feedback from participants to the past
trainings, organizers designed classes on practical skills,
including those needed in grant application, scientific
publishing and leadership building. The most attractive to
the trainees among them are the sessions of workshop and
lab experiment.
To offer trainees opportunities to exercise practical
experiment techniques needed in modern research through
real operation in the lab, the course gave the trainees
assignment to PCR and sequence the LAB DNAs isolated
from yogurt and pickled vegetables, and identify the strains
via comparing the characterized DNA sequences with those
in the “GenBank”, an online database.
“We are gonna do it in a ‘dirty’ way,” joked Dr.
Sybesma when giving the participants induction to the lab
experiment. They would need to isolate the DNAs directly
from the fermented foods, rather than prepared, cleaned
samples. Therefore the trainees were required to learn how
to prepare the samples, including extracting the genomic
DNA through centrifugal pumping and microwaving.
Afterwards in the following lab modules occurring in two
days during intermissions of the lectures, they practised
designing the primers to be used in the PCR, performing
PCR, running gel electrophoresis, sequencing the PCR
products, and making blast analysis to finally identify the
gene sequences of the LAB DNAs from the GenBank.
Apparently the trainees loved the experiment. “Great!
We really enjoy it!” A trainee could not help expressing his
excitement to the staff at the secretariat after the first session
of the Lab Experiment.
Some of the trainees had never been exposed to such
lab biological techniques, but they received help from more
experienced teammates when working in groups. Due to the
Prof. Dr Ing. Christophe Lacroix’s lectures focus on two topics:
biopreservation and antifungal cultures, and effect of nutritional
components on gut microbiota and human health. (Photo by
SONG J.)
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complexity of the microbiota in the fermented foods used
for the practice, the experiment itself involved some extent
of uncertainty — not all succeeded in identifying the strains,
and frustrations at various steps were visible, but eventually
everyone triumphed in their learning. Particularly for those
who achieved their first successful DNA sequencing at the
training, this marked a big day — that might offer a step-
stone for their later career in the field of biotechnology.
Who knows what will grow from this tiny seed?
Taking Off with Dreams
The workshop has been a well-anticipated event for
the participants since its launch in 2013 when the first food
biotech training organized by CoEBio was held, and it is
gaining more and more attention due to its competitive
nature and the opportunity promised for the winners to
develop real products in accordance with their own designs.
This year the workshop recruited as many as 22
proposals, targeting at local problems including spoilage of
agricultural products, malnutrition situation of local people
or instable quality of some local fermented foods like fish
sauce. At the first stage of the workshop, initiators of the
proposals were required to present their research designs to
the whole class based on analysis of the potential advantages/
strengths, disadvantages/weaknesses, prospects on the
market, technical/intellectual support needed, and possible
problems to solve. On the first day of the training course
all the proposals were presented, and from them only five
finalists were chosen after a vote attended by all the trainees
as well as the lecturers. The five shortlisted proposals were
then followed up by five teams formed by the trainees, with
the initiator of the idea as the leader for each team. They
would have a chance on November 29 to report their progress
in a second presentation, and after careful reviewing, a panel
Trainees learning how to extract the LAB strains from yogurt
and pickled vegetables to prepare for PCR samples. (Photo by
courtesy of CoEBio)
Acclaiming the triumph: Wanna Malaphan from Thailand wins the second prize with her proposal to improve the production of Thai fish
sauce. (Photo by SONG J.)
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of experts would determine the fate/fortune of their ideas —
to be or not to be real R&D projects for a new product, based
on evaluation of the urgency of the problem to solve, the
application of biotechnology, level of innovation, its impact
on the society, and feasibility of the project.
By the time the five teams had quite limited time
between lectures, lab experiments and tours to industrial
sites to develop their ideas, to formulate feasible strategies
with detailed step-wise working plans to solve the chosen
problems with aid from biotechnology. Taking advantage
of the diversity of the participants, they would have the
confluence of intellectual support from teammates of
different disciplinary background and geographical regions.
The exciting moment eventually came. After the five
presentations, Dr. Wilbert Sybesma, mentor of the workshop
expressed his appreciation for the great work done by
the teams and asked for a “long break” to allow the panel
enough time for a thorough discussion.
“You’ve made it extremely difficult for us, because
you made five very very good presentations, well-thought
research plans which have their application stepping very
nearby,” commented Dr. Sybesma when eventually the jury
arrived at agreement on the winners.
The winner of the First Prize turned out to be Afolake
Atinuke Olanbiwoninu from Nigeria. Her dream was to
solve the problem of riboflavin (vitamin B
2
) deficiency
and malnutrition in local people by developing “ Iru”,
a fermentation product based on African locust beans
cotyledon and a most popular food flavoring condiment
among rural dwellers of West Africa, into a riboflavin
bioenriched food and meanwhile a source of protein
First Prize Winner of the workshop competition, Afolake Atinuke Olanbiwoninu from
Nigeria presents her team’s work on development of a starter culture for riboflavin
bioenriched Iru, a fermented product of African locust beans cotyledon popular in
rural West Africa as flavoring condiment. (Photo by SONG J.)
supplement for poor families. If
succeeded, she hoped to replace the
traditional starter of Iru with a riboflavin-
producing equivalent.
To help her with the involved R&D,
the organizers offered a financial aid to
support her future stay at ETH-Zurich and
coaching from Prof. Dr. Ing Christophe
Lacroix for necessary research. On top
of this, all trainees with her team would
receive a special one-year free license
offered by the Biotechnology Journal
for access to its online resources. The
winner of the second prize would get an
opportunity to work at the Nestlé Research
Center in Singapore, and the winner of
the third prize would be coached by Prof.
Hugenholtz in the Netherlands for the
future pursuit of his dream.
Continuous Effort
The workshop closed in a brief celebration spontaneously
joined by the winners and their fellow trainees. People
acclaimed for what they had learnt during the past days, and
celebrated new friendship established.
The training did not close yet.
The next morning, three more lectures integrated for
the topic “Choice of organisms and their improvement/
selection for desired metabolic activities in food
fermentations” given by Dr. Herwig Bachman concluded
the first part of the training. However this topic naturally
directed the participants to the next part, a top-notched
conference in the field of biotechnology co-organized by
CoEBio, the Metabolic Engineering Summit held from
November 30 to December 2. As the Summit invited almost
all the leading researchers in the area to give lectures, the
organizers made special efforts to combine the two events
together, believing this would offer a great opportunity for
the trainees to get informed with the latest developments in
metabolic engineering.
“It is important for the Chinese Academy of Sciences
to support the development of science in developing
countries,” said Prof. LI Yin, head of CoEBio when
addressing the opening ceremony of the Summit. “Over the
last few days we just organized the third training course
on food biotechnology for developing countries. We had
more than 50 trainees from developing countries. I just
want to remind that although science has been advancing
very rapidly in developed countries, there are still many
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After announcement of the workshop winners, some trainees cannot help joining the lecturers for a group photo. (Photo by SONG J.)
science-lagging countries in the world. Many
trainees from there had never sequenced any
PCR product, nor had they seen a PCR band on
the gel,” he continued explaining his intention:
“That’s why we connected the two events
together, hoping to provide the trainees with
more opportunities to learn advanced techniques
and emerging theories. Science can help us to
better understand nature, science can also help us
to create innovations for better life. By working
together, I hope CoEBio can help people in
developing countries to achieve a better future.”
Prof. LI Yin, head of CoEBio addresses the opening of the Metabolic
Engineering Summit. (Photo by SONG J.)
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