Definition of animal disease surveillance
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Definition of animal disease surveillance Purpose and aims of disease surveillance Main characteristic of different types of surveillance Surveillance standards Surveillance planning Epidemiological vocabulary Epidemiological vocabulary Epidemiology – tools for decision making in presence of uncertainty Surveillance Branch of epidemiology Gather information to help make decisions No perfect information – aims to make right decision most of the time What diseases? What diseases? Priority diseases –grater public interest By who? Government veterinary authority Veterinary officials Disease surveillance – key function of national veterinary services Veterinary sector – leading party Veterinary sector – leading party Multi stakeholder activity Private and public Commercial and non commercial Professional and general public Individual and society Often interchangeably with monitoring – NOT THE SAME Often interchangeably with monitoring – NOT THE SAME Can use same tools distinction more in objectives than techniques Monitoring can be part of surveillance (not visa verse) Surveillance is: Surveillance is: All regular activities aimed at ascertaining the health status of a given population with the aim of early detection and control of animal diseases of importance to national economies, food security and trade FAO Manual of livestock disease surveillance and information system http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/x3331e/X3331E00.htm Monitoring is: Monitoring is: All activities aimed at detecting changes in the epidemiological parameters of a specified disease FAO Manual of livestock disease surveillance and information system http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/x3331e/X3331E00.htm Surveillance and mentoring in local language Surveillance and mentoring in local language Nadziranje/nadgledanje Uzorci/samples Inspekcijski nadzor/veterinary inspections Dijagnostika/diagnostics Izvještaji i nalazi/ reports and findings Mjere kontrole Zdravstveni certifikati/ heath certificates Karantin/quarantine Kontrola kretanja/movement control Uništavanje životinja i sanitarno klanje/Slaughter and disposal of animals Kompenzacija/Compensation Surveillance = nadzor i kontrola Surveillance (nadzor i kontrola , programi kontrole) Surveillance (nadzor i kontrola, programi kontrole) Surveillance strategy Prevention Control Eradication Definition of animal disease surveillance Definition of animal disease surveillance Purpose and aims of disease surveillance Main characteristic of different types of surveillance Surveillance standards Surveillance planning Impact of animal diseases Impact of animal diseases Human health Food security and safety Trade barriers Costs of animal production Sector and national economy Human and animal wellbeing Indirect impact Reduce disease spread – prevent new outbreaks Reduce disease spread – prevent new outbreaks Support to animal production Ensure food safety and quality Establish communication between stakeholders regarding animal health Establish communication between stakeholders regarding animal health Understand epidemiology of disease Improve veterinary service Diseases of greater public interest Diseases of greater public interest Surveillance objectives Early detection of epidemics Outbreak reporting and outbreak investigation Reliably measuring disease frequency Surveillance objectives Surveillance objectives Disease management Acting according to disease level Prevent, control, eradicate disease Establish disease spread Surveillance outcomes
Measuring disease frequency Measuring disease frequency By absolute and relative numbers Absolute numbers – number of cases Relative numbers – proportions, rates, odds Disease prevalence – proportion of diseased animals in a population Disease prevalence – proportion of diseased animals in a population Static measure Good for common, low contagious, chronic diseases Definition of animal disease surveillance Definition of animal disease surveillance Purpose and aims of disease surveillance Main characteristic of different types of surveillance Surveillance standards Surveillance planning Clear purpose/aims Clear purpose/aims Justification – priority diseases, scientifically bases, international standards Population definition Methodology Administrative structure/hierarchy Financial support Timeframe Output orientated Classification criteria Administrative/legal criteria Intervention criteria Disease Included activities Geography Passive surveillance??? Passive surveillance??? Routine reporting of disease No investigation efforts Difference between passive surveillance and monitoring??? Active surveillance Purposeful collection data on disease Mainly through survey Surveys – surveillance / studies – epi research Surveys – surveillance / studies – epi research Descriptive and explanatory Experimental and observational Retrospective and prospective Cross section and longitudinal Case – control and cohort Cross sectional survey – prevalence study/outbreak investigation Cross sectional survey – prevalence study/outbreak investigation Useful for common conditions Short time frame Low cost Good for multiple risk factors or outcomes Prospective or retrospective No measure of disease incidence Case – control studies Case – control studies Groups according to disease status Mostly retrospective Useful for rare diseases Short time – low cost Good for multiple risk factors, not for multiple outcomes Non representative, prone to bias Can not calculate RR Cohort study Cohort study Groups according to exposure Mostly prospective Useful for rare exposures Long time – high cost Good for multiple outcomes, not for multiple diseases Direct estimate of effect (incidence, RR) Control of bias Targeted surveillance – Risk based surveillance Targeted surveillance – Risk based surveillance More disease burden – less resources Combines epidemiology, public health, economy, trade consequences Looks for disease where is expected – risk assessment Higher benefits-cost ratio Estimation of effectiveness!? Definition of animal disease surveillance Definition of animal disease surveillance Purpose and aims of disease surveillance Main characteristic of different types of surveillance Surveillance standards Surveillance planning National requirements National requirements International standards Defining appropriate level of protection – ALOP Defining appropriate level of protection – ALOP Minimum level - international requirement Higher than – for exotic diseases + scientific justification Consistent Transparent Equivalency Definition of animal disease surveillance Definition of animal disease surveillance Purpose and aims of disease surveillance Main characteristic of different types of surveillance Surveillance standards Surveillance planning Planned and managed activities Planned and managed activities Transparency Agreed objectives Targets and responsibilities Human resources and time frames Priority diseases Priority diseases Priority areas Regionally important diseases Trans boundary diseases International disease reporting (OIE, TRACES,???) Sources of disease data Sources of disease data Samples Animal information Farmer information Environment information Auxiliary information Population Population Targeted vs. Study population Sampling frame, method, size Time frame for sampling Level of extrapolating conclusions Administration Administration Defined responsibilities beforehand Methods of data gathering, analysis and distribution Intervention – when, by whom Hierarchy of decision making Financing Financing By who, and how Partial vs full public financing Public – private partnership Transferring responsibility/cost according to benefits – i.e. food safety - HACCP Measurables Measurables Not workload, used funds/resources Relevant to diseases and set objectives RELEVANT and RELIABLE DATA!!! Mortality/morbidity Prevalence/incidence Costs and benefits Surveillance activities according to true need/resources/possibilities Surveillance activities according to true need/resources/possibilities No single activity will be enough Combating diseases requires knowing diseases and lot more Dostları ilə paylaş:
