Identify patients in their caseload who have or are at risk for developing metabolic syndrome.
Identify patients in their caseload who have or are at risk for developing metabolic syndrome.
Understand the implications of identifying and supporting the management of metabolic syndrome through reduction in obesity and tobacco use.
Appreciate the concept of stages of change needed to support life-style changes for prevention/reduction of obesity and tobacco use, including use of tools for self-care, education and referral.
Assist persons at risk for or diagnosed with metabolic syndrome to engage in activities that reduce the impact of obesity and smoking in their recovery.
A group of conditions/factors that increase risks of heart disease and other acute or chronic medical conditions. All of the conditions outlined below put the person at risk for cardiovascular disease and premature death.
A group of conditions/factors that increase risks of heart disease and other acute or chronic medical conditions. All of the conditions outlined below put the person at risk for cardiovascular disease and premature death.
Lifestyle management – a program of weight loss and exercise
Lifestyle management – a program of weight loss and exercise
Tobacco cessation
Limiting alcohol consumption
Changes in dietary habits, including eating a heart-healthy diet
Medication to help lower blood pressure, improve insulin metabolism, improve cholesterol and increase weight loss
Weight-loss surgery (bariatric surgery) to treat morbid obesity in individuals for whom conservative measures have failed.
Up to 83% of persons with serious mental illness in the US are overweight or obese.
Up to 83% of persons with serious mental illness in the US are overweight or obese.
Persons with mental illnesses, including schizophrenia and mood disorders, have a higher rate of metabolic syndrome compared with the general population:
24% rate for US Adults
60% rate for persons with schizophrenia
75% rate for Hispanics with mood disorder
Sedentary life-style
Sedentary life-style
Poor nutrition
Overeating
Smoking (44% of all cigarettes smoked in the US)
Substance abuse
Some medications
Blood cholesterol
Blood cholesterol
10% decrease = 30% decrease in coronary heart disease
Cigarette smoking cessation = 50-70% decrease in coronary heart disease
Maintenance of ideal body weight (BMI = 25) 35-55% decrease in coronary heart disease
High blood pressure (> 140 systolic or 90 diastolic)
4-6 mm Hg decrease 16% decrease in coronary heart disease and 42% decrease in stroke
Besides monitoring and intervening on Diabetes Mellitus (Previous Module), two other modifiable risk factors:
Besides monitoring and intervening on Diabetes Mellitus (Previous Module), two other modifiable risk factors:
Obesity
Smoking
Contrary to popular belief, research shows that person with mental illness are:
Contrary to popular belief, research shows that person with mental illness are:
Self-conscious about their weight
Interested in reducing their weight
Able to adopt healthier choices to improve their health
(Vreeland, 2007)
Psychiatric disease processes, e.g. Negative symptoms in schizophrenia, depressive symptoms
Psychiatric disease processes, e.g. Negative symptoms in schizophrenia, depressive symptoms
Treatment processes:
Certain medications: Atypical Antipsychotics; SSRI
Infrequent, or no contact with primary care providers
Culture expectations for persons with mental illnesses tend to support less activity e.g. getting a ride, taking the bus, sitting in groups
Culture expectations for persons with mental illnesses tend to support less activity e.g. getting a ride, taking the bus, sitting in groups
Providers may feel that addressing obesity issues may interfere with people taking their medications
Community mental health providers have insufficient training and time to work on weight and other health issues
Fragmented medical care
Fragmented medical care
Low socio-economic status
Attitude of Caregivers: Perhaps eating is one of few pleasures left consumers they have
Research shows that helping people make choices that result in modest weight loss (2-6% of body weight) is associated with:
Research shows that helping people make choices that result in modest weight loss (2-6% of body weight) is associated with:
Decrease in high blood pressure by 20-40%
Decrease in incidence of diabetes by 30-60%
Decrease in cardiac events by 30-40%
2% off a 300 pound person = 6 pounds
4% off a 300 pound person = 12 pounds
6% off a 300 pound person = 18 pounds
4-5% weight loss can lower or eliminate the need for antihypertensive medications in adults and elderly
4-5% weight loss can lower or eliminate the need for antihypertensive medications in adults and elderly
6-7% weight loss improves metabolic syndrome by decreasing LDL
10% weight loss can reduce lifetime risk for heart disease by 4%
If a person gains more that 5% of initial weight or develops worsening blood sugar or LDL during therapy-may need other medication to assist
If a person gains more that 5% of initial weight or develops worsening blood sugar or LDL during therapy-may need other medication to assist
There may be provider barriers to overcome:
Beliefs that persons with mental illness cannot live healthy life-styles because:
Obesity is related to the persons mental illness
People with mental illness lack motivation to improve their health and well-being
(NASMHPD 2008)
Educational/behavioral interventions for weight management
Educational/behavioral interventions for weight management
If possible switch to low weight gain antipsychotics when weight increases
Medical/surgical treatment (may not be available for people with mental illness)
NASMHPD = National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors
SAMHSA = Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
Promote opportunities for health care providers, including peer specialists to teach healthy life styles through state vocational-rehabilitation agencies (such as COVA in Columbus, Ohio)
Promote opportunities for health care providers, including peer specialists to teach healthy life styles through state vocational-rehabilitation agencies (such as COVA in Columbus, Ohio)
Adopt American Diabetes Association and American Psychiatric Association second generation antipsychotics (medication) monitoring
Collaboration between State Health Authority and Mental Health Authority
Monitor consumers with diabetes and metabolic syndrome in community mental health centers
Link with public health and community-based programs in diabetes, cardiovascular disease and health weight management
Rates of smoking are 2-4 x higher among people with psychiatric disorders and substance use disorders
Rates of smoking are 2-4 x higher among people with psychiatric disorders and substance use disorders
Nearly 41% of current smokers report having a mental health diagnosis in the last month
60% of current smokers report a past or current history of a mental health diagnosis sometime in their life time.
When seeking mental health treatment heavy smokers report substantially poorer well-being, greater symptom burden, and more functional disability compared to non-smokers
When seeking mental health treatment heavy smokers report substantially poorer well-being, greater symptom burden, and more functional disability compared to non-smokers
Public mental health clients have a higher relative risk of death than the general population due, in part, to tobacco use.
Potential genetic base: Shared genetic factors with depression, schizophrenia
Potential genetic base: Shared genetic factors with depression, schizophrenia
Self-medication-manage adverse events related to medication/reduce symptoms
Trauma: Link history of grief and PTSD with increased use
Social: Link to limited education, poverty, unemployment; peers, and the mental health system where tobacco use is generally tolerated/not seen as a health issue
Help people realize that:
Help people realize that:
Reduction often happens before cessation. (Stages of Change Model)
Measuring amount smoked helps with decreasing amount
Everyone needs support—Peer support is especially effective
Develop protocols for and access to pharmacotherapy
Help for staff who smoke
(Mental health providers are significantly more likely to smoke that other health care providers)
RELEVANCE: Relevant to the Person.
RELEVANCE: Relevant to the Person.
“Johnny, I noticed that you smoke. How is that going to help you run that race?”
RISKS: Of continued smoking
“… do you know the risks of smoking?”
REWARDS: What can be gained
“… what are some benefits to quitting smoking?”
ROADBLOCKS: Barriers to quitting
“… so what’s stopping you from quitting?”
REPETITION: Reinforce motivational message at every contact
ASK: Identify and document tobacco use
ASK: Identify and document tobacco use
ADVISE: Key Message Point => Quitting smoking is the most important thing you can do for your health
ASSESS: Willingness to make an attempt to stop—give it a try
ASSIST: For those who are ready, provide or refer to counseling and medication
ARRANGE: Follow up supportive contacts
Mary Beth is a 37 year old Caucasian female who is has a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. She has been taking Depakote and Prozac. She recently started taking Seroquel to assist with stabilizing her mood and helping her sleep.
Her primary healthcare provider has been checking her weight and waist circumference every month. Over the last 3 months, her waist circumference has increased 10 inches (42 to 52 inches) and her weight has increased by 60 lbs (240-300 lbs at 5’4”).
She states she has been under a lot of stress lately since her son was incarcerated and hasn’t been sticking to her dietary plan. She notes that she does not have “time to cook” and has been eating at her neighborhood Rally’s hamburger place for her meals. She orders either the #4 or #7 meals.
What are important assessment questions for Mary Beth?
What are important assessment questions for Mary Beth?
What are some of the risk factors that predispose Mary Beth for metabolic syndrome?
You are a CPST worker or a counselor who is preparing for an appointment with Mary Beth. Armed with the current information about her weight changes, how would you plan to approach Mary Beth?
What if you realize that Mary Beth is embarrassed with her weight-gain? She has been feeling very depressed but does not feel that she can change her lifestyle. Use the Stages of Change Model to plan your conversation with Mary Beth. What are some things you plan to talk with her about? How do you help her move from one stage to another stage?
James is a 45 year old African American male with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. He smokes approximately 1 pack of cigarettes per day for the last 25 years. He has stopped taking his medication since he was laid off six months ago. He is 5’6” and 178lbs.
James is a 45 year old African American male with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. He smokes approximately 1 pack of cigarettes per day for the last 25 years. He has stopped taking his medication since he was laid off six months ago. He is 5’6” and 178lbs.
Since he was laid off, he has been picking up cigarette butts off the ground and smoking them. His “smoker’s cough” has been more pronounced, expelling deposits, especially in the morning. According to his mental status exam, his insight and judgment is “fair to low”. Motivation for change is low. He has very low expectation that things will improve for him.
Recently, at a health fair his CPST worker took him to, his blood sugar was 187. His blood pressure was 170/92. His LDL cholesterol was 200 and his HDL cholesterol was 30.
What are some of the risk factors James has for metabolic syndrome?
What are some of the risk factors James has for metabolic syndrome?
You are a CPST worker or counselor for James, and have just attended a workshop on Metabolic Syndrome. You want to help James look at how his smoking is affecting his health, but you know James is not really interested in dealing with it. He says that smoking is one of the two things that give him pleasure. Plan your conversation with him. Anticipate his counter-arguments. Use the 5As and 5Rs approach.
What else are you concerned about? What can you do to help James out?
